Reference specifications

Calculate the capital cost target for the mixed specification heat exchanger network from Eq. (7.21) using the cost law coefficients for the reference specification. 

Reference Specifications O API 612 Special Purpose Steam Turbines O Other ... 

Crown ether This term would refer specifically to coronands (see above) containing only oxygen heteroatoms in the ring. 

Table 10.23 must be taken only as a guide and interpreted in the best manner available, preferably using experience in that particular environment or operational requirement. Table 10.23 should be consulted in conjunction with the text and references, specifically those covering the whole range of cathodic protection anodes Consideration must be given to... 

Galvanic Corrosion corrosion associated with a galvanic cell (often used to refer specifically to Bimetallic Corrosion). 

Is this an oxidation-reduction reaction Historically, it surely is, for the term oxidation originally referred specifically to reactions with oxygen. Yet our electron-transfer view of oxidation-reduction reactions provides no help in deciding so. Where in reaction (76) is there any evidence of electrons being gained or lost In such a doubtful case, our oxidation number scheme provides an answer. Applying the same assumptions used in treating the HSOf-HSOi"... 

Strictly speaking, growth refers specifically to an increase in mass. In biological contexts, and increase in mass is often coupled to (and is indeed often a prerequisite for) proliferation (an increase in cell number). Importantly, growth and proliferation are distinct processes that can be both physiologically and experimentally uncoupled. 

Contamination in this context refers specifically to the debasing of the purity of steam and condensate. Contamination may occur in the presence of unwanted steam volatile materials (such as silica volatiles), minerals carried over with BW, oil and process materials infiltrating the steam-water circuit, or by the results of corrosion processes. 

In the last two cases the trivial name refers specifically to the D enantiomer. (See also the alphabetical listing of trivial names in the Appendix.)... 

This section on flowsheets basically aims to provide some illustrative examples of the use of the various mineral processing unit operations that have been described. A general flowsheet involving almost all the unit operations pertinent to mineral processing is shown in Figure 2.32. The others refer specifically to beach sands, lead-zinc concentration, molybdenum, and the rare earths. 

Isotopes—Nuclides having the same number of protons in their nuclei, and hence the same atomic number, but differing in the number of neutrons, and therefore in the mass number. Identical chemical properties exist in isotopes of a particular element. The term should not be used as a synonym for nuclide because isotopes refer specifically to different nuclei of the same element. 

The nomenclature for the catalysts is as follows XAGaZB, where letter X refers to the treatments to which the sample was submitted, letter T referring specifically to the case where the sample was submitted to the two reduction-oxidation cycles described above letter A refers to the wt. % impregnated gallium amount letter B indicates the SAR of the zeolite. In this way, for example, the catalyst named T3GaZ38 is a ZSM-5 zeolite with SAR 38 impregnated with 3 wt. % gallium submitted to two reduction-oxidation cycles. 

The expression ex ante should not be confused here with Kalecki s (1990c) consideration of capitalists investment decisions. In relation to the reproduction schema, ex ante refers specifically to the imbalance between row and column sums at the start of the production period. 

In the 1970s, ICI introduced this polymer and copolymers in which it was the major constituent as commercial products, initially under the acronym PHB, and a little later under the trade name Biopol, which referred specifically to copolymers containing p-oxybutyrate and up to 30 % of P-oxyvalerate repeating units. The copolymer is more flexible and tougher than the homopolymer [100, 101]. 

Although this definition refers specifically to a process, it can also be easily applied to automated systems and software. One could read this as Establishing documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a specific automated system and/or software product will consistently operate and perform to its pre-determined specifications and quality attributes . 

The term zygote refers to the immediate result of fertilisation, i.e. one cell, whereas tiie embryo contains more than one cell. The term foetus refers specifically to mammalian development but has more of a legal meaning fiian a biological one. It is defined as file embryo from the end of the eighfii week after fertilisation. Nonetheless, the term is still used in biology and biochemistry and is used in this text to describe the developing embryo (also known as the conceptus). 

Originally, the term aldol condensation referred specifically to the reaction of an aldehyde (having an a-hydrogen) with an aldehyde/ketone to form a j8-hydroxy aldehyde (the aldol). The reverse reaction is often referred to as a retrograde aldol reaction, a retro-aldol condensation (or reaction), or an aldol cleavage. March categorizes aldol condensations into five classes. The first is condensation between two identical aldehydes... 

The ion in its natural abundance, typically used when one wishes not to distinguish between isotopes. The term proton thus refers specifically to deuteron to and triton to... 

The term valence, of which ambivalence is not merely a variation, but a decidedly new and separate concept, derives from chemistry and atomic physics. Valence can refer to an extract or tincture, usually from an herb. In this connotation, it has obvious ties with the field of medical alchemy, or iatrochemistry. In the mid-i8oos, valence theory began to be used to signify the normal number of bonds that a given atom can form with other atoms—a register that links valence with philosophical materialism, matter, and Epicurianism. In recent scientific work, valence refers specifically to the number of electrons in the outermost shell of atoms. It is not provisional or occasional in its relation to the atom. Valence is atomicity. It defines a given chemical element, perhaps not in its essence, but in its capacity to combine with other elements—its potentiality. Valence is denoted by a simple number, and elements are said to be monovalent, bivalent, trivalent, quadrivalent, and so on. About one-fifth of all elements have a fixed valence (sodium is always i, or monovalent calcium is always 2, or bivalent and so on). Many elements have valences that are variable, depending on the other elements with which they are combined. 

Sections 3.2.1—3.2.3 have referred specifically to the system illustrated in Fig. 6. However, the approach in these sections is quite general and can therefore be used in situations where the system transfer function G(s) is other than that given by eqn. (7). For the case of the ideal PFR responses, G(s) is exp(— st) and impulse, step and frequency responses are simply these respective input functions delayed by a length of time equal to r. The non-ideal transfer function models of Sect. 5 may be used to produce families of predicted responses which depend on chosen model parameters. 

CSTRs in series. The latter is often normalised by dividing by the volume of an ideal PFR required to perform the same duty. Different charts are required for each reaction rate expression. Figure 12 refers specifically to first-order kinetics, but other charts are available in, for instance refs. 17, 18 and 26. Figure 12 re-emphasises many of the points we have made already. In particular, the performance of the N CSTRs in series tends to that of a PFR of the same total volume as N becomes large and the PFR volume required to achieve a certain conversion for a first-order reaction is always smaller than the total volume of any array of CSTRs which perform the same duty. Charts in the form of Fig. 12 are particularly useful when performing approximate design calculations. 

Throughout this section, we will use the notation X (t),..., X t) to denote a unspecified set of L Markov diffusion processes when discussing mathematical properties that are unrelated to the physics of constrained Brownian motion, or that are not specific to a particular set of variables. The variables soft coordinates, generalized coordinates for a system of N point particles, and Cartesian particle positions, respectively. The generic variables X, ..., X will be indexed by integer variables a, p,... = 1,...,L. 

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