Redistributions of potassium

Primary causes of true hyperkalemia are increased potassium intake, decreased potassium excretion, tubular unresponsiveness to aldosterone, and redistribution of potassium to the extracellular space. 

Redistribution of Potassium into the Extracellular Space The efflux of potassium into the extracellular fluid is to be expected in the presence of metabohc acidosis, secondary to diabetes melhtus, chronic renal failure, or lactic acidosis. 8-Blockers can also result in a transceflular potassium shift. 

Acidosis. Hyperkalaemia results from a redistribution of potassium from the intracellular to the extracellular fluid space (Fig. 2). 

The human body has a limited capacity to increase body stores of potassium. The major causes of hyperkalemia are excess potassium intake and mixed doses of potassium and sodium electrolyte solutions (Mahfoud et al. 2003), reduced renal losses (acute renal failure, end-stage renal disease, mineralocorticoid deficiency, potassiumsparing diuretics) and redistributions of potassium (hemolyses, necrosis, muscle injury, catecholamine antagonists, insulin deficiency, abnormal skeletal muscle sodium channels) (Peterson 1997). Increased intake by itself is rarely the sole cause of significant hyperkalemia. However, sustained hyperkalemia usually indicates an underlying defect in renal potassium excretion or impaired potassium distribution (KCl supplements or salt substitutes). The... 

Redistribution of potassium between ECF and ICE—sometimes associated with alkalosis Artif actual ... 

The potassium leaving cells and entering the extracellular fluid partially replaces the potassium lost into the renal tubular fluid and is of itself just a redistribution of potassium within difleient fluid compartments in the body. It is not lost from the body. However, the potassium moving from the intra- to the extracellular compartment bolsters the extracellular concentration of potassium, and, by the electroneutrality effect described earlier, becomes available for excretion in the urine, thereby being lost to the body entirely. The overall effect is a dramatic lowering of total potassium content of the body. 

Much of the SO3 is present at the clinkering temperature in a separate liquid phase, immiscible with the main clinker liquid. The alkali cations are distributed between the two liquids and the alite and belite. During cooling, some redistribution of alkali cations and sulphate ions between the liquids may be expected to occur, the sulphate liquid finally solidifying below 900 C to yield alkali or potassium calcium sulphates. 

Lang, L)., and Vallotton, M. B. (1967). Angiotensin II but not potassium induces subcellular redistribution of protein kinase C in bovine adrenal glumerulosa cells./. Biol. Chem. 262, 8047-805(1. 

For acute exposure, ipecac should be administered and lavage performed. The use of single- or multiple-dose activated charcoal is supported by in vitro binding experiments and some animal data, and charcoal hemoperfusion may be a useful adjunct. Forced potassium diuresis appears to be harmful. Flemodial-ysis is also recommended with potassium administration. Since calcium metabolism is disturbed, supplementary calcium is indicated. The use of traditional metal chelators such as dimercaprol (British antilewisite) and penicillamine is not supported by the available evidence. In fact, the use of penicillamine may lead to redistribution of thallium into the central nervous system. Multiple animal studies have found evidence of enhanced elimination and improved survival with Prussian blue however, despite the fact that many humans have been treated with Prussian blue, the data presented are insufficient to judge its true efficacy. Despite this, one publication notes that... 

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