Recognition probe

However, recombinant antibodies may be less stable and have lower binding affinities than monoclonal antibodies (Valle and Jendoubi, 2003). Therefore, in order to fully implement the microarray format, a host of diverse capture agents could be required in addition to antibodies. These include peptides, small molecules, aptamers, ribozymes, or other molecular recognition probes yet to be discovered. However, it is also xmderstandable because of the diverse nature of proteins that additional technologies besides microarrays will be used in proteomics research (Hanash, 2003). 

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a widely used tool for researching biomolecules. Although much too detailed to report here, Zai-Wei La and Henry Taube (Stanford University) reported in 1992 that they have had success in analyzing for certain molecules by using a clihydrogen osmium complex on a versatile 1H NMR recognition probe. 

Specificity and Stereospecificity of Siderophore Recognition Probed by Metal and Ligand Substitution... 

AN (2-anUinon thalene). 194,195,215 Analog-to ligital converter (ADQ. l02 Analyte recognition probes. 552-560 see also... 

Metal cation recognition probes Some metals, notably the transition metals, readily form complexes with organic molecules, resulting in changes to optical properties, most commonly absorbance. This phenomenon is commonly exploited in standard methods for the spectrophotometric determination of metal cation concentrations [8] and standard test kits for a variety of metals are commercially available [12]. More complex probes based on a cation binding site linked to a fluorophore or chromophore reporter have also been developed [13]. The cation... 

In 1996, Wang s group [28] reported the first use of PNAs as the recognition layer in DNA biosensors. They reported the use of PNA as a recognition probe for the electrochemical... 

The currently available DNA microarrays use two-dimensional flat substrates. Therefore, the only way to increase the spot density is to decrease the spot size, which in turn corresponds to a smaller number of recognition probes in each site. The maximum number of probes immobilized within a spot, on the other hand, is limited by the factors described above. Even when the deposition is ideal, the density of the probes cannot be increased beyond the steric hindrance limit. This compromise is one of the limitations regarding the use of two-dimensional/monolayer microarray technology. 

Botsi A, Perly B, Hadjoudis E. (-F)- and ( )-a-pinene as chiral recognition probes with natural cyclodextrins and their permethylated derivatives. An aqueous NMR study. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1997 289-94. 

Kumar et reported the synthesis of pyrene-modified nucleotides and their effects in secondary nucleic acid structures. Pyrene was attached to the 5 -position of thymidine (26a) or to the 2 -position of 2 -deojgairidine via a triazolomethylene linker (26b), or via a triazole linker (26c). These nucleosides were converted into their phosphoramidites and then incorporated into oligonucleotides, and analysed by thermal stability and fluorescence studies. These experiments indicated that these oligonucleotides can act as specific recognition probes. 

Studies of shock-compressed matter have progressed to a point for which detailed, sophisticated technology can probe mechanical responses in considerable detail. The detailed measurements now available appear to provide descriptions beyond that which can be predicted or fully interpreted on an established theoretical basis. As the conditions encountered are so unusual, a heavy reliance must be placed on the credibility of the experiments. Of particular importance is a recognition of the restricted view provided by a particular experiment, from both loading and sample response capabilities. 

Potentiometry (discussed in Chapter 5), which is of great practical importance, is a static (zero current) technique in which the information about the sample composition is obtained from measurement of the potential established across a membrane. Different types of membrane materials, possessing different ion-recognition processes, have been developed to impart high selectivity. The resulting potentiometric probes have thus been widely used for several decades for direct monitoring of ionic species such as protons or calcium, fluoride, and potassium ions in complex samples. 

Figure 23. Schematic drawing that shows adamantane as a molecular probe with three fluorophore groups (FI) and a targeting part (TG) for specific molecular recognition. Taken from Ref. [112] with permission.

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