Recognition, intracellular

The fundamental processes of immunity (pattern recognition, intracellular signaling, phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, clotting) remain largely similar and equally vulnerable to the effects of immunotoxicants whatever the invertebrate species. It could be argued that the constitutive nature of most invertebrate defense leaves them better equipped to... 

Glycoproteins are essential to many basic cellular and disease processes including molecular/cellular recognition, intracellular sorting, cell growth, fertilization, immune defense, inflanunation, tumor metastasis, viral replication and bacterial/parasite infection. For example, carbohydrates of glycoproteins at the manunalian cell surface have two major functions. Inside the cell, they help proteins fold and assemble correctly in the... 

The PBRis distinct from the central BZ receptor although both can be present in the same tissues in differing ratios. PBRs are predominately localized on the outer mitochondrial membrane and are thus intracellular BZ recognition sites. The PBR is composed of three subunits an 18,000 mol wt subunit that binds isoquinoline carboxamide derivatives a 30,000 mol wt subunit that binds BZs and a 32,000 mol wt voltage-dependent anion channel subunit. The porphyrins may be endogenous ligands for the PBR. PBRs are involved in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation and steroidogenesis. 

A sequence stretch 300 base pairs upstream of the transcriptional start site suffices for most of the transcriptional regulation of the IL-6 gene (Fig. 1). Within this sequence stretch several transcription factors find their specific recognition sites. In 5 to 3 direction, AP-1, CREB, C/EBP 3/NF-IL6, SP-1 and NF-kB can bind to the promoter followed by TATA and its TATA binding protein TBP. Most enhancer factors become active in response to one or several different stimuli and the active factors can trigger transcription individually or in concert. For example, AP-1 is active upon cellular stress, or upon stimuli that tell cells to proliferate CREB becomes also active if cells experience growth signals, but also upon elevation of intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which occurs upon stimulation if so called hormone-activated G protein-coupled receptors. 

Delon J, Bercovici N, Liblau R, Trautmann A. Imaging antigen recognition by naive CD4+ T cells compulsory cytoskeletal alterations for the triggering of an intracellular calcium response. Eur J Immunol 1998 28(2) 716-729. 

The muscle phase of the infection is initiated by newborn larvae (immature LI larvae). These larvae originate from female worms located in the small intestine of the host. On recognition of skeletal muscle cells, larvae invade and initiate the processes that culminate in long-term intracellular infection of these cells. Following infection, both the parasite and host muscle cell undergo significant changes, over the course of the first 15 days (referred to here as the initiation phase), which is followed by... 

The cytoplasmic domain of the P-subunit displays three distinct sub-domains (a) the juxtam-embrane domain , implicated in recognition/binding of intracellular substrate molecules (b) the tyrosine kinase domain, which (upon receptor activation) displays tyrosine kinase activity (c) the C-terminal domain, whose exact function is less clear, although site-directed mutagenesis studies implicate it promoting insulin s mitogenic effects. 

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