With reagent consumption

Cost of disposables defining the costs per assay (together with reagent consumption)... 

Dispersants andfloeculants. These are important for the control of slimes that sometimes interfere with the selectivity and increase reagent consumption. For example, soda ash, lime sodium silicate, and lignin sulfonates are used as dispersants, and starch and polyacrylamide are used as flocculants. 

For example, if k2Jk2b = 5.0, then 97 percent of Ti will have been consumed by the time T2 is 50 percent consumed. Consider that the rate of formation of P is governed by these steps and not, for example, by a prior reaction in which I is formed. Then the kinetic analysis for product buildup, which determines k2a + k2b, coupled with the data on reagent consumption, will afford k2a and k2b. 

Other drivers are low reagent consumption, the use of small volumes and rapid process optimization, especially with regard to combinatorial synthesis. 

Due to the statistical nature of split synthesis, an average 20 beads per member must be used to ensure that all library members are prepared successfully This requirement results in increased reagent consumption and extra effort in screening and structural determination. One of the most powerful aspects of the rf memory chips is the ability to perform automated sorting of library members. Thus a complete library may be prepared with each member synthesized only once... 

The TRAACS 800+ shown in Fig. 2.18 consists of one or more analytical consoles, a random-access sampler and personal computer (PC). The analytical console is fitted with two peristaltic pumps which can each handle up to 10 pump tubes. The analytical manifolds are located above the pumps and utihze glass parts 1 mm in diameter, in order to keep reagent consumption low. Heating baths, UV digesters and dialysers can be built into the manifold. 

Since a number of factors are involved in the optimisation, some time is required to develop the method. However, when set up, the method can replace titrations and replicate analyses can be conducted very quickly with minimal consumption of reagents. 

In this way, it would be possible to convert electrodialytically fumaric acid into ammonium fumarate. This in turn may be enzymatically transformed into ammonium malate, which might finally be ED freed into malic acid with no reagent consumption and by-product formation, and minimum product loss. 

Pulsed continuous flow is a method in which continuous flow is established for a short time. This method can reduce reagent consumption to 5 ml, and fast jet mixers have lowered the accessible reaction half-time to the 10 ps range. Pulsed accelerated flow may be viewed as an adaptation of pulsed continuous flow in which the flow rate through the mixer and observation chamber is varied during the course of one kinetic run. This method can be used for reactions with half-times down to 10 ps. This method is limited to first-order reaction conditions. 

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