Operating conditions reactor

Selectivity to the coproducts is high, hut the ratios of the coproducts may he controlled with appropriate reactor operating conditions. Figure 9-2 is a block diagram for the hutane diol process." 1,4-Butanediol from butadiene is discussed later in this chapter. 

Very little research has attempted to relate reaction kinetics to catalyst surface properties as a function of time under actual reactor operating conditions. The goal of the... 

Using Equation (13), the external mass transfer coefficient at 723 K was calculated to be 60 cm/s. Since the reactor operating conditions at th s temperature (723 K, slightly above atmospheric pressure, 247 cm /s) were very similar to those of our transient chemisorption experiments, the external mass transfer coefficient calculated above was used for the simulations. 

One such study details the effects of temperature variation on substrate and metabolite concentration predictions, and used an artificial neural network creating a nonlinear multivariate model to improve concentration predictions. Another study notes the effects of temperature on the mid-infrared spectral data as well, but also noted that the sensor was not affected by reactor operating conditions such as agitation, airflow and backpressure. ... 

Spent fuels vary in microstructure, and phase and elemental distribution depending on the in-core reactor operating conditions and reactor history. The chemical stability of spent U oxide fuel is described by local pH and Eh conditions, redox being the most important parameter. However, the redox system will also evolve with time as various radionuclides decay and the proportion of oxidants and reductants generated at the fuel/water interface changes with the altering a-, (J-, y-radiation field and with the generation of other corrosion products that can act as... 

The real power of the model developed in this work lies in the transient or dynamic simulations such as those necessary for control system design. The model we have developed can be used to simulate the effects on the reactor of various process disturbances and input changes. Under normal reactor operating conditions, step or pulse changes in inlet gas temperatures, concentrations, or velocity or changes in cooling rates can significantly affect... 

D. Effects of Reactor Operating Conditions on Reactor Behavior... 

The module OUTPUT generates a report (Tables XIV-XVII) summarizing input data, reactor operating conditions, product yields, properties of liquid products, recycle gas composition, and hydrogen production. Also, temperature and composition profiles are generated. 

Fourth, the PtC species is further chlorinated to form Pt4 + species which are strongly bound to the surface. This process leads to a completely new spatial distribution of platinum. After reduction there is an entirely new distribution of platinum particle sizes. One caveat is that metal is lost as volatile species and removed from the reactor. Operating conditions must be selected with care. 

Figures 7 and 8 show the comparison of the two catalysts on a weight hourly space time (WHST) basis. The reactor operating conditions were 371C (700F) and 1500 psig. The studies of Sooter (2) and Satchell (3) were, however, conducted at 1000 psig. But this difference is not significant as far as comparison of the two catalysts is concerned, because the two studies revealed that pressure beyond 1000 psig had marginal effect on the activities of Nalcomo 474 catalyst with the Raw Anthracene Oil as the feedstock. Same was the case when Monolith catalyst was used.

The effectiveness factors calculated in this study are under the experimental conditions utilized in this study and give an idea of the magnitude of pore diffusion problem in the case of the Nalcomo 474 catalyst when Synthoil liquid is processed. On the other hand, the Monolith catalyst shows promise in this regard and warrants further investigation regarding its activity under different compositions of the catalyst and different reactor operating conditions. 

According to Ray,13 One of the greatest difficulties in achieving quality control of the polymer product is that the actual customer specifications may be in terms of non-molecular parameters such as tensile strength, crack resistance, temperature stability, color, clarity, adsorption capacity for plasticizer, etc. The quantitative relationship between these product-quality parameters and reactor operating conditions may be the least understood area of polymerization reaction engineering. ... 

The experimental setup in which TEOS was used for oxide depositions is shown in Figure 9. We see that the reactor is a low-pressure, hot-wall tube, so deposition uniformity on each wafer and from wafer to wafer will be the primary requirement as far as reactor operating conditions are concerned. 

Reactor operating conditions also play a role, since it is well known that arsenic autodoping is reduced when the reactor is operated at reduced pressures (i.e, 80 Torr).12 Because of the ability to reduce arsenic autodoping drastically at low pressure, this has become an important commercial process,... 

Typically, deposition uniformity depends on the reactive gas mixtures, as is illustrated in Figure 11.1 Clearly, much trial and error is required to establish reactor operating conditions that will yield wafers with uniform deposits. 

Time is still an important variable for continuous systems, but it is modified to relate to the steady-state conditions that exist in the reactor. This time variable is referred to as space time. Space time is the reactor volume divided by the inlet volumetric flow rate. In other words, it is the time required to process one reactor volume of feed material. Since concentration versus real time remains constant during the course of a CSTR reaction, rate-data acquisition requires dividing the difference in concentration from the inlet to the outlet by the space time for the particular reactor operating conditions. 

It is clear that the reactor designer would need to consider this isothermal multiplicity in selecting the desired reactor operating conditions. 

Details of the reactor operating conditions which correspond to typical industrial operation are given in Table I. All the experiments reported here were performed after four weeks of continuous running of the plant under steady conditions in order to allow the catalyst activity to stabilize. 

The physical properties and the reactor operating conditions are given in Table II. 

When conducting extremely exothermic reactions in a screw machine as chemical reactor, operating conditions at which a minimum of power is dissipated in the liquid (4 lowest thermal load of the liquid throughput) are of interest. The dissipated power, H, is obtained from the difference between the power, P, of the motor drive and that of the pump, qAp ... 

The neutron flux (the product of neutron concentration and velocity) is a strong function of neutron energy, position in the target island, and the reactor operating conditions. The means by which these variations are handled is discussed below. 

Although this test clearly had its advantages, the deviation from actual FCC riser reactor operating conditions still remained too large as illustrated in figure 1 ... 

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