Reactivity tests

Bacterial Endotoxias Test (85)," "Biological Reactivity Tests, in vivo (88)," "Particulate Matter ia Injections (788)," and "Purified Water," JJSP 23 The U.S. Pharmacopeia Convention, RockviUe, Md., 1994. 

Perform chemical reactivity testing, including the analytical verification of reactants, catalyst, quenchers, initiators, and inhibitors. More details are provided in Appendix 2A of this chapter. 

Use chemical reactivity testing to identify and evaluate the hazards... 

The results of the unsteady-state reactivity tests and of the catalysts characterization allow us to propose a model for the active layer of VPP under reaction conditions, illustrated in Figure 55.5. In this model, the surface is in dynamic equilibrium with the gas phase, and its nature is a function of both reaction... 

USP Chapters <87> and <88> describe Biological Reactivity Tests, In Vitro and In Vivo, for elasto-merics, plastics, and other plastic materials with direct or indirect patient contact [2]. 

The engineering of surfaces is an idea that has come to the fore recently. This is related to the drive to build nanodevices, but such especially prepared surfaces are also valuable in providing controlled surfaces for reactivity tests, as described in Sections 8.3 and 8.4. 

FIGURE 3.24. Flow Sheet to Determine Proper Site for Reactivity Testing (Laboratory or High-pressure Cell). 

Reactivity Testing Many of the data needed for the design of facilities with reactivity hazards involve the determination of thermal stability and of... 

An understanding of how chemicals are used in your facility needs to occur before any detailed testing is performed. Quantitative reactivity testing need only be performed when data, such as heat of reaction and safe operating temperatures, are not available from other sources. For example, in a warehouse where no chemical or physical processing is being done, material suppliers may be able to pro-... 

When you get into a situation where reactivity testing is necessary, it is essential to work with someone who understands what the tests are, when you should do what tests, what their limitations are, and how to interpret and use the results. CCPS (1995a) provides a thorough discussion of test methods. Other references such as CCPS (1995b) and Leggett (2002) present approaches for conducting reactivity screening tests. 

Table 4.8 provides one summary of reactivity test methods and results. In the paragraphs that follow, brief descriptions of some chemical reactivity test methods are given, after HSE (2000). 

Encourage and facilitate the sharing of reactivity test data within and between companies... 

Develop or apply advanced technologies for inferring chemical reaction rates and nearness to control limits (e.g., maximum cooling capacity) from process measurements using a combination of real-time computerized algorithms and reactivity test data... 

Chemical reactivity test data produced by employers or obtained from other sources (e.g., differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, accelerating rate calorimetry). 

Carius sealed tube test, chemical reactivity tests, 88... 

Chemical reactivity risk. See Risk assessment Chemical reactivity tests, 84-90 decision point, 90 deflagration screening tests, 85,87 reaction calorimetry, 88-90 screening data interpretation, 85, 86 small-scale screening tests, 87-88 Chemical structure and bonds, hazards identification, 80, 82 CHETAH program (ASTM), 79,82 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, 174... 

Decision making, process risk management decisions, documentation, 105-106 Decision point, chemical reactivity tests, 90 Decommissioning, chemical reactivity hazard management, 25 Decomposition pressure test, chemical reactivity tests, 88... 

Deflagration screening tests, chemical reactivity test, 85, 87... 

Development stage, life cycle issues, 20-23 Deviations, risk assessment, 94-95 Differential scanning calorimetry, chemical reactivity tests, 87... 

APPENDIX G IDENTIFYING HAZARDS USING CHEMICAL REACTIVITY TESTING.135... 

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