Reactive dispersion

Aminoanthraquinone and Related Compounds. l-Amiuoanthraquiuone [82-45-1] (17) is the most important iatermediate for manufacturiag acid, reactive, disperse, and vat dyes. It has been manufactured from anthraquiaone-l-sulfonic acid [82-49-5] (16) by ammonolysis of the sulfo group with aqueous ammonia ia the presence of an oxidising agent such as nitroben2ene-3-sulfonic acid. 

Adsorption. Adsorption (qv) is an effective means of lowering the concentration of dissolved organics in effluent. Activated carbon is the most widely used and effective adsorbent for dyes (4) and, it has been extensively studied in the waste treatment of the different classes of dyes, ie, acid, direct, basic, reactive, disperse, etc (5—22). Commercial activated carbon can be prepared from lignite and bituminous coal, wood, pulp mill residue, coconut shell, and blood and have a surface area ranging from 500—1400 m /g (23). The feasibiUty of adsorption on carbon for the removal of dissolved organic pollutants has been demonstrated by adsorption isotherms (24) (see Carbon, activated carbon). Several pilot-plant and commercial-scale systems using activated carbon adsorption columns have been developed (25—27). 

The possible mechanisms which one might invoke for the activation of these transition metal slurries include (1) creation of extremely reactive dispersions, (2) improved mass transport between solution and surface,... 

The possible mechanisms which one might invoke for the activation of these transition metal slurries include (1) creation of extremely reactive dispersions, (2) improved mass transport between solution and surface, (3) generation of surface hot-spots due to cavitational micro-jets, and (4) direct trapping with CO of reactive metallic species formed during the reduction of the metal halide. The first three mechanisms can be eliminated, since complete reduction of transition metal halides by Na with ultrasonic irradiation under Ar, followed by exposure to CO in the absence or presence of ultrasound, yielded no metal carbonyl. In the case of the reduction of WClfc, sonication under CO showed the initial formation of tungsten carbonyl halides, followed by conversion of W(C0) , and finally its further reduction to W2(CO)io Thus, the reduction process appears to be sequential reactive species formed upon partial reduction are trapped by CO. 

The stirred reactor for the study of reactive dispersions with a liquid continuous phase... 

Fig. 4.23 also indicates a slight decrease of the signal plateau which, at a first glance, was unexpected. In the following, a reactive dispersion model given in ref. [37] is applied to deduce rate constants for different reaction temperatures. A trapezoidal response function will be used. The temperature-dependent diffusion coefficient was calculated according to a prescription by Hirschfelder (e.g., [80], p. 68 or [79], p. 104] derived from the Chapman-Enskog theory. For the dimensionless formulation, the equation is divided by M/A (with M the injected mass and A the cross-section area). This analytical function is compared in Fig. 4.24 with the experimental values for three different temperatures. The qualitative behavior of the measured pulses is well met especially the observed decrease of the plateau is reproduced. The overall fit is less accurate than for the non-reactive case but is sufficient to now evaluate the rate constant. 

A reactive dispersion model proposed by Muller et al. [37] predicts a change of speed if the tracer impulse consists of reactants, which react at the walls of the channel (Figs. 4.29 and 4.30). Brenner found a quite fascinating explanation for... 

Reactive disperse dyes also make it possible to dye cotton-polyester fabrics in level shades. Recently fluorotriazine reactive dyes have been proposed for this application [21-23],... 

Annual Operating Costs on Reactive/Disperse Reuse Incorporation... 

Good lot-to-lot shade correlations were also obtained with reuse of low-temperature reactive dyebaths and fixation baths on 100% cotton, and with reuse of combined high-energy reactive/disperse dyebaths and fixation baths on cotton/polyester knit fabrics. Further computer program development is required, however, before industrial shades can be matched with the reactive dye reuse system. 

Homopolymers and copolymers containing carbosiloxane and carbosilane units have been produced that bear latent reactive sites along the chain [184]. Reactive carbosiloxane and unreactive carbosilane homopolymers were first prepared in order to ensure catalyst monomer compatibility and to set end points for copolymer properties. Carbosiloxane homo- and copolymers were synthesized with latent reactivity dispersed throughout the polymer chain in the form of methyl silyl ethers (Scheme 21). It is well known that Si-OMe bonds, although inert during metathesis, can react with atmospheric moisture creating stable Si-O-Si bonds and methanol [185]. 

Microsphere Syntheses by Reactive Dispersants, Macromonomers, Inimers,... 

Table 4 Examples of dispersion copolymerization with reactive dispersants ...

Simonin, O., Modelling turbulent reactive dispersed two-phase flows in industrial equipments. Proc. Third World Conf. Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics, May 19-23, Freiburg, Germany, Workshop E, 17.9,1996. 

Wang, J. C., and W. E. Stewart, Multicomponent reactive dispersion in tubes collocation vs. radial averaging.AIChE J., 35, 490-499, 1582 (1989). 

Gupalo, Yu. P., Polyanin, A. D., and Ryazantsev, Yu. S., Mass transfer interaction of moving particles in a reactive dispersive system, Acta Astronautica, Vol. 5, pp. 1213-1219, 1978. 

Dipple GM, Ferry JM (1992) Fluid flow and stable isotope alteration in rocks at elevated temperatures with applications to metamorphism. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56 3539-3550 Dipple GM (1998) Reactive dispersion of stable isotopes by mineral reaction dnring metamorphism. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62 3745-3752... 

Since most common fillers have no inherent reactivity with inert, nonpolar POs, reactive dispersion aids and coupling agents are essential. Without proper dispersion and bonding to the matrix, fillers and fibers added to POs... 

Schmidt, A., Bach, E., Scholhneyer, E., 2003. The dyeing of natural fibers with reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide. Dyes Pigments 56, 27-35. 

This comprehensive article describes the properties of acrylic dispersions including high-solids aaylic dispersions and reactive dispersions, and explains the advantages of using heterogeneous tailor-made morphology, built up directly within the polymer particle. This can be achieved by a two-stage emulsion polymerisation. 

The reactive dispersions (CD-627, CD-628, PRO 1825) are experimental materials developed by Sartomer Company for evaluation in this study. They are proprietary products that consist of a metallic coagent dispersed at various concentrations in different acrylic monomers. A viscous solution or paste is formed which can be used in place of an adhesive to form adhesive bonds during the curing step of the rubber compoimd (peroxide cure only). They contain no solvents and are 100% reactive. The metallic coagent is a small particle-size powder that is not soluble in monomers, but does form a stable dispersion. 

Table 8.20 Bonding peroxide-cured EPDM to steel with reactive dispersions ...

Medium reactive dispersion parameter Transition rate... 

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