Glutaraldehyde reaction

Peptide amide bond cleavage, A-atkylation of the amide bonds, imidoester reaction Carbamylation and thiocarbamylation method, diazotization, the four-component condensation reaction, glutaraldehyde treatment... 

It is worth emphasising the ease of the reaction of amines and amides with aldehydes, since it explains the need to use purified solvents when dealing with amino acids, peptides and proteins, to avoid such side-reactions. Glutaraldehyde has been used for crosslinking proteins (from the earliest days in the leather industry, too) but it is toxic and therefore less in favour in laboratory work now. 

Carbodi-imide-assisted reaction glutaraldehyde-assisted reaction oxidized with periodatebefore coupling or using A -bromoacetylsuccinimide... 

Vinyl ethers and a,P unsaturated carbonyl compounds cyclize in a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction when heated together in an autoclave with small amounts of hydroquinone added to inhibit polymerisation. Acrolein gives 3,4-dihydro-2-methoxy-2JT-pyran (234,235), which can easily be hydrolysed to glutaraldehyde (236) or hydrogenated to 1,5-pentanediol (237). With 2-meth5lene-l,3-dicarbonyl compounds the reaction is nearly quantitative (238). 

Acrolein as Diene. An industrially useful reaction in which acrolein participates as the diene is that with methyl vinyl ether. The product, methoxydihydropyran, is an intermediate in the synthesis of glutaraldehyde [111 -30-8]. 

Immobilization. The fixing property of PEIs has previously been discussed. Another appHcation of this property is enzyme immobilization (419). Enzymes can be bound by reactive compounds, eg, isothiocyanate (420) to the PEI skeleton, or immobilized on soHd supports, eg, cotton by adhesion with the aid of PEIs. In every case, fixing considerably simplifies the performance of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, thus faciHtating preparative work. This technique has been appHed to glutaraldehyde-sensitive enzymes (421), a-glucose transferase (422), and pectin lyase, pectin esterase, and endopolygalacturonase (423). 

Caution should be taken when using glutaraldehyde. Gloves and aprons should be worn and adequate ventilation provided. It has been reported to produce contact dermatitis, eye irritation, nausea, headache, rashes, and asthmatic reaction (125). 

A weak cation-exchange resin is obtained by reaction of glyoxylic acid and a cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol. The polyvinyl alcohol is cross-linked with glutaraldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The cation-exchange resin has an exchange capacity of 3 meq/g or greater and a swelling volume of 10 ml/g or smaller (37-38). 

A diastereomeric mixture of l-alkyl-7-(]-alkylperhydropyrido[l,2-u]-pyrimidin-6-yl)-],2,3,4,8,9-hexahydro-9u-pyrido[],2-u]pyrimidines 412 was obtained in the reaction of glutaraldehyde and A-alkyl-1,3-propanediamines in the presence of a drop of AcOH at 0 °C, then at ambient temperature for 13 h (96H(43)2487). 

A popular cross-linking agent for chitosan is glutaraldehyde, as proposed by Muzzarelli et al. [217]. Chitosan networks were obtained by reaction with glutaraldehyde in lactic acid solution (pH 4-5) at molar ratio amino groups/carbonyl functions about 10-20 reduction gave stable chemical gels. 

Formaldehyde, sulphur dioxide and glutaraldehyde react with amino groups. If these groups are essential for metabolic activity, cell death will follow reactions of this nature. Chlorinated fso-thiazolones as well as acting on -SH groups, (Section 3.4), can react with -NH2 groups. 

The Pectolyase Y-23 and the purified yeast PG were immobilised as described by Coletti-Previero et al. [14]. 5 g of y-alumina spheres, previously equilibrated in 200 ml of a buffered solution at pH 6.0, was treated first with 30 ml of 0.04 M o-phosphorylethanolamine and then with 30 mL of 0.56 M glutaraldehyde. These two reactions were performed at 25 C and pH 6.0, for 1.5 h and were followed by several washings with abundant distilled water. Finally, 15 mL of 10 mg/mL Pectolyase Y-23 solution or 25 mL of 0.5 mg/mL of purified yeast PG solution, both buffered at pH 6.0, were added and left to react for 2 h at 25 C. y-alumina spheres were then washed with 450 mL of distilled water. The reaction solution was tested for protein content and enzymatic activities. 

A disadvantage of the glutaraldehyde condensation method is that dimers of the hapten and polymers of carrier protein may also form. To overcome this problem, the reaction time is limited to 2-3 h, or an excess of an amine-containing compound, e.g., lysine or cysteamine hydrochloride, is added. A two-step approach also minimizes dimerization. ... 

Purified MeHNL was crystallized by the sitting-drop vapor-diffusion method. The 10-20 mm bipyramidal crystals formed were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and used as biocatalyst for the synthesis of optically active cyanohydrins. The cross-linked crystals were more stable than Celite-immobilized enzymes when incubated in organic solvents, especially in polar solvents. After six consecutive batch reactions in dibutyl ether, the remaining activity of the cross-linked crystals was more than 70 times higher than for the immobilized enzymes. Nevertheless, the specific activity of the cross-linked crystals per milligram protein was reduced compared with the activity of Celite-immobilized enzymes [53],... 

Corynebacterium glutamicum (CGMCC No. 1464) cells immobilized in calcium alginate beads cross-linked with polyethenimine and glutaraldehyde have been employed for the production of nicotinamide from 3-cyanopyridine [21], The reaction was mn at 10-15 °C,... 

A thermally stable NHase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D (ATCC 55 744) [22] was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, and the resulting transformant cells immobilized in alginate beads that were subsequently chemically cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and polyethylenimine. This immobilized cell catalyst (at 0.5 % dew per reaction volume) was added to an aqueous reaction mixture containing 32wt% 3-cyanopyridine at 25 °C, and a quantitative conversion to nicotinamide was obtained. The versatility of this catalyst system was further illustrated by a systematic study of substrates, which included... 

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