Reaction classification overview

In this article novel developments of the different types of domino processes are presented which are subdivided according to our classification. Since our first review on this topic and the book of Ho several overviews on special domino reactions have been published.113 ld 111... 

The previous chapter offered a broad overview of peptidases and esterases in terms of their classification, localization, and some physiological roles. Mention was made of the classification of hydrolases based on a characteristic functionality in their catalytic site, namely serine hydrolases, cysteine hydrolases, aspartic hydrolases, and metallopeptidases. What was left for the present chapter, however, is a detailed presentation of their catalytic site and mechanisms. As such, this chapter serves as a logical link between the preceding overview and the following chapters, whose focus is on metabolic reactions. 

Although most transition metal catalyzed processes are built up of similar steps, they are usually divided into categories (sometimes name reactions) by the synthetic chemists. This classification is usually made on the basis of their synthetic utility rather than on mechanistic considerations. This chapter gives an overview of the most commonly used reactions, briefly outlining their mechanism as well as the scope and limitation of substrates in these processes. 

An essential element of the CVD process is the chemical reaction that occurs to produce the coating/film. The precursors that constitute the chemical reactants must, of course, contain the chemical elements that will ultimately constitute the coating. In addition, these precursors must be stable at room temperature, react cleanly in the reactor without side reactions, not condense in the transfer lines, and be easily produced. The number of CVD reactions that are currently used is quite extensive and a complete listing of every reaction is beyond the scope of this review. However, a classification according to the method to activate the reactions for generic reaction type with specific examples is given in what follows. This will provide the reader with an overview of the diversity of applications of CVD. 

In the initial phase the classification of reactophores was just an excercise to get an overview about the type of building blocks which were employed in solid-phase reactions. A careful analysis of those building blocks and reactions revealed that essentially all of them could be grouped into the above mentioned categories. In a second study we analysed the building blocks that were used in multicomponent one-pot reactions. Again, most of them fell into one of those categories. 

The exact nature of the reasons for and the ease of formation of the surface complex are still not entirely known. One can visualize certain structural requirements of the underlying solid surface atoms in order to accomodate the reactants, and this has led to one important set of theories. Also, as will be seen, various electron transfer steps are involved in the formation of the complex bonds, and so the electronic nature of the catalyst is also undoubtedly important. This has led to other important considerations concerning the nature of catalysts. The classification of catalysts of Table 2.1-1 gives some specific examples (Innes see Moss [7]). Recent compilations also give very useful overviews of catalytic activity Thomas [8] and Wolfe [9]. Burwell [10] has discussed the analogy between catalytic and chain reactions ... 

As a main scope, the present chapter will give an overview on the general classification of the membranes, paying particular attention to the palladium-based membranes and their applications, pointing out the most important benefits and the drawbacks due to their use. Finally, the application of palladium-based membranes in the area of the membrane reactors will be illustrated and such reaction processes in the issue of hydrogen production will be discussed. 

This section starts with a classification of phase-contacting principles according to the type of catalytic bed. Advantages and disadvantages of the reactor types are explained, followed by a discussion of criteria for reactor selection and an overview of purchasable microreactors for catalytic gas-phase reactions. 

Abstract Polymers are macromolecules derived by the combination of one or more chemical units (monomers) that repeat themselves along the molecule. The lUPAC Gold Book defines a polymer as A molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. Several ways of classification can be adopted depending on their source (natural and synthetic), their structure (linear, branched and crosslinked), the polymerization mechanism (step-growth and chain polymers) and molecular forces (Elastomers, fibres, thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers). In this chapter, the molecular mechanisms and kinetic of polymer formation reactions were explored and particular attention was devoted to the main polymerization techniques. Finally, an overview of the most employed synthetic materials in biomedical field is performed. 

While major advances in the area of C-H functionalization have been made with catalysts based on rare and expensive transition metals such as rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, and iridium [7], increasing interest in the sustainability aspect of catalysis has stimulated researchers toward the development of alternative catalysts based on naturally abundant first-row transition metals including cobalt [8]. As such, a growing number of cobalt-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions, including those for heterocycle synthesis, have been reported over the last several years to date (early 2015) [9]. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of such recent advancements with classification according to the nature of the catalytically active cobalt species involved in the C-H activation event. Besides inner-sphere C-H activation reactions catalyzed by low-valent and high-valent cobalt complexes, nitrene and carbene C-H insertion reactions promoted by cobalt(II)-porphyrin metalloradical catalysts are also discussed. 

In this chapter, we first give an overview of carbon membrane materials (Section 10.2) and the classification of carbon membranes (Section 10.3). Then, unsupported carbon membranes, based on planar membranes and asymmetric hollow fiber membranes are discussed (Section 10.4). In Section 10.5, the supported CMSMs are reviewed in detail in terms of precursors, supports, fabrications and problems. In Section 10.6, carbon-based membrane reactors are discussed in detail, based on the topics of dehydrogenation reactions, hydration reactions, hydrogen production reactions, H2O2 synthesis, bio-diesel synthesis, and new carbon membranes for carbon membrane reactors (CMRs). In the end, the new concept of using carbon membranes in microscale devices (microcarbon-based membrane reactor) is outlined (Section 10.7). 

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