Raw sewage

Because of these characteristics electromagnetic flow meters have been widely appHed to the measurement of difficult Hquids such as raw sewage and wastewater flows, paper pulp slurries, viscous polymer solutions, mining slurries, milk, and pharmaceuticals. They ate also used in less demanding apphcations such as the measurement of large domestic water volumes. 

Biosorption. This process makes use of a phenomenon observed but ignored by many iavestigators. If activated sludge floe and raw sewage are mixed and aerated, there is first a significant reduction ia BOD of the efflueat. It is foUowed by a aotable BOD rise and then by a decrease. Originally,... 

Points of Chemical Addition In independent physical-chemical treatment or in phosphate removal in the primary clarifier ahead of biological treatment, chemicals are added to raw sewage. In tertiary treatment for phosphate removal and suspended solids (SS) reduction, they are added to secondary effluent. In both cases, proper mixing and flocculation units are needed. For phosphate removal or improvement of SS capmre in biological secondary treatment, chemicals are often added directly to aeration units or prior to secondary settling units, without separate mixing and flocculation. In some phosphate removal applications coagulants are added at... 

After every use the vacuum filter should be cleaned, and all sludge drained from the unit. This sludge and wash water should not be returned to the sludge storage tank but to the raw sewage channel or to a digester. 

To determine secondary alkanesulfonates in sewage wastewaters, solid phase extraction (SPE) and a single-step procedure which combines elution and injection port derivatization for analysis with GC-MS were developed [36]. Again a tetrabutylammonium ion pair reagent was employed both to elute the secondary alkanesulfonates as their ion pairs from CI8-bonded silica disks and to derivatize sulfonate ion pairs under GC injection port conditions. Secondary alkanesulfonates were effectively recovered from samples of raw sewage (>92%) and from primary (>98%) and secondary (>85%) effluents. No... 

One field study on the mass flow of secondary alkanesulfonates was conducted in the Zurich-Glatt municipal wastewater treatment plant [37]. The concentration of alkanesulfonates in samples of raw sewage and primary and secondary effluents was analyzed using the above-described SPE with C18 Empore disks and injection port derivatization with GC-MS detection. The con-... 

Ravazzini AM, Nieuwenhuijzen AF, van der Graaf JHMJ (2005) Direct ultrafiltration of municipal wastewater comparison between filtration of raw sewage and primary clarifier effluent. Desalination 178 51-62... 

Hellou j, Mackay D and Banoub J (1999) Levels, persistence and bioavaUability of organic contaminants present in marine harbor sediments impacted by raw sewage. Chemosphere 38 457-473. 

A further complication is that different airlines demand different test protocol. Some use raw sewage in tests, some do not. Others use a combination of tests to simulate the different conditions experienced in toilet tanks. British Airways for example use a simple challenge test that is useful for screening. 

The main source of hormones is thus the excretions of the human population and livestock. The make-up and rate of hormone excretion by humans and animals varies as a function of their sex, age, state of reproduction and development, and for animals, their species (Table 3 [67, 79-83]). Human excretions are generally collected in sewers, while animal hormones are concentrated in manure thus, high levels of free and conjugated estrogens have been measured in raw sewage and manure [67, 79, 84-88]. Human hormones will eventually enter the environment mainly via wastewater treatment plants while hormones produced by animals reach the environment via direct excretion in fields or by manure spreading (treated or not) on the land. 

Androgens Testosterone (T) 1 if" Endogenous hormone - Raw sewage in WWTP 16 to T runs off by leaching of... 

After the storm caused raw sewage to seep into the ground water, the Water Department had to take measures to decontaminate the city s water supply. 

Rivera, J., Carxach, S., Ventura, F. et al. FAB-CAD-MIKES. Analysis of nonionic surfactant in raw sewage sludges, (ed J.F.F.Todd), Proceedings of the 10th International Mass Spectrometry Conference, Swansea September 9-13 1985, J.Wiley, Basingstoke, UK (1985). 

Methods have been described for the determination of total fatty acids in raw sewage sludge. These methods [30-32] require a concentration steps such as simple distillation, steam distillation, evaporation, or extraction [33-35] which resulted in great losses of the volatile matter [36, 37],... 

Yong and Rawliszyn [26] used a multiplex gas chromatograph with a hollow fibre membrane interface in a solventless method for the determination of traces of aliphatic chlorocompounds such as trichloroethane in raw sewage sludge. Down to 0.4pg L 1 of these compounds could be determined. 

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