Rated continuous current capacity

Verification of temperature rise limits (or rated continuous current capacity)... 

Based on the system studies carried out and Table 23.1, it has been assessed that in actual operation, effective current through a capacitor circuit may increase up to 1.3 limes its rated cunent, /,., i.e. = 1.3 /, to account for all the harmonic effects (V, - Jf. equation (23.4)). A capacitor unit is thus designed for at least M)9r continuous overload capacity (Section 25.6). Its switching and protective devices are selected along similar lines. 

The factors discussed in Section 23.5.2 give rise directly to the current drawn by the capacitor unit and indirectly add to its rating. The relevant Standards on this device recommend a continuous overload capacity of 30% to account for all such factors. A capacitor can have a tolerance of up to -t-15% in its capacitance value (Section 26.3.1(1)). All current-carrying components such as breakers, contactors, switches, fuses, cables and busbar systems associated with a capacitor unit or its banks, must therefore be rated for at least 1.3 x 1.15/,., i.e. 1.54. For circuits where higher amplitudes of harmonics are envisaged, for reasons of frequent load variations or more... 

The OCV of the system is about 2.95 V. SO2 cells may be heavily loaded A standard D cell with 7 to 8 Ah nominal capacity may be discharged by 2 A continuous current and 30 A pulses. Its specific energy of about 275 Wh/kg is lower than that of the competing SOCI2 cells. The shelf-life is very good with a selfdischarge rate of about 10% after 10 years (see Figure 18.20). 

Although w/o-ME-based LLE has many advantages for bioseparations, sueh as a rapid rate and its ability to be sealed-up, further work is needed to improve seleetivity, capacity, versatility, and biocompatibility. In addition, current methods to recover w/o-ME-encapsulated species are insufficient and/or are not adaptable to a wide variety of situations. Furthermore, although large-scale and continuous operation has been demonstrated (Table 3) [15,28,85,89,92-101], the ability to predict operation a priori, i.e., the generation of the necessary theory and equations required to design such equipment, has not yet been achieved. However, work is ongoing in several research laboratories worldwide to solve these problems. 

The so-called zinc chloride cells are basically Leclanche cells in which the ammonium chloride has been completely, or almost completely, replaced by ZnCl2. (Up to 1 % of NH4CI is reported to improve high rate performance.) The resulting cells have a better service capacity at high current drain, at low temperatures and on continuous discharge. 

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