Rates increases

Rate increases with increasing po larity of solvent as measured by its dielectric constant e (Section 8 12) Polar aprotic solvents give fastest rates of substitution solvation of Nu IS minimal and nucleophilicity IS greatest (Section 8 12) 

As the discount rate increases then the NPV is reduced. The following diagram shows the cashflow from the previous example (assuming an oil price of 20/bbl and ignoring the effect of inflation) at four different mid-year discount rates (10%, 20%, 25%, 30%). 

A faster cooling rate increases dendrite nuclei formation, resulting in smaller dendrites. Small dendrites produce a microstmcture that is easier to homogenize during sintering. The finer the constituents, the more uniform the properties of the powder. 

C. Above this temperature, the shear stress at constant shear rate increases and the rheological exponent rises from 0.25 toward 0.5 at the final melting point (68). 

For given operating conditions and submergence, the dry cake production rate increases with the speed of rotation (eq. 10) and the limiting factor is usually the minimum cake thickness which can stiU be successfiiUy discharged by the method used in the filter. Equation 11 shows the dependence of the sohds yield on cake thickness  

Sulfur. Low sulfur stocks and EV sulfur-accelerated systems have better aging resistance. Normally, the oxidation rate increases with the amount of sulfur used in the cure. The increased rate may be due to activation of adjacent C—H groups by high levels of combined sulfur. Saturated sulfides are more inert to oxidation than aHyUc sulfides. Polysulfidic cross-links impart excessive hardening of SBR as compared to more stable monosulfidic cross-links. 

The dependence of the zeroth-order rate constants on the concentration of acetyl nitrate is shown in fig. 5.1 in the absence of added acetic acid the rate increases according to the third power of the concentration of acetyl nitrate, but when acetic acid is added the dependence becomes 

The variety of designs in use for MRFs in the United States results in different quality products. As recycling rates increase, new facilities are buUt. For glass separation, the foUowing devices are typically utilized. 

Steel is an acceptable material of constmction for handling solutions of up to 50% NaOH below 40°C. Above 40°C the steel corrosion rate increases rapidly and iron is picked up in the solution. Materials for handling 50% NaOH are lined steel for tank cars and lined or unlined steel for tanks and piping. 

The kinetics of the reaction are relatively slow and permanganate solutions exhibit greatest stabiUty around a neutral pH. The decomposition rates increase below pH 3 or above pH 10. Potassium permanganate solutions are stable at elevated temperatures, up to approximately 3 N sodium hydroxide, above which decomposition into manganate occurs. 

Hydrolysis of TEOS in various solvents is such that for a particular system increases directiy with the concentration of H" or H O" in acidic media and with the concentration of OH in basic media. The dominant factor in controlling the hydrolysis rate is pH (21). However, the nature of the acid plays an important role, so that a small addition of HCl induces a 1500-fold increase in whereas acetic acid has Httie effect. Hydrolysis is also temperature-dependent. The reaction rate increases 10-fold when the temperature is varied from 20 to 45°C. Nmr experiments show that varies in different solvents as foUows acetonitrile > methanol > dimethylformamide > dioxane > formamide, where the k in acetonitrile is about 20 times larger than the k in formamide. The nature of the alkoxy groups on the siHcon atom also influences the rate constant. The longer and the bulkier the alkoxide group, the lower the (3). 

HMnO 2H20 [24653-70-1] decomposes at 18°C. Aqueous solutions of permanganic acid below a concentration of 3 wt % are stable over time, whereas in the concentration range of 5—15% HMnO, the decomposition rate increases with increasing initial solution concentration at room temperature (103). 

This reaction showed certain characteristics which distinguish it from nitrations in solutions of nitric acid in organic solvents. Thus, in changing the solvent from carbon tetrachloride to nitromethane, the rate increased by a factor of only 6, whereas nitration involving the nitronium ion was accelerated by a factor of about 30 when the solvent was changed from acetic acid to nitromethane. It was held that the 

The theoretical curve, deduced from the kinetic expression of the mechanism, fits the experimental points with gratifying exactness, whereas, for pD>12, the simple mechanism reported earlier (428,430) becomes predominant, and the rate increases very rapidly with pD and becomes first order both in thiazole and deuteroxide concentrations (Fig. 

Properties. Xanthan gum is a cream-colored powder that dissolves in either hot or cold water to produce solutions with high viscosity at low concentration. These solutions exhibit pseudoplasticity, ie, the viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases. This decrease is instantaneous and reversible. Solutions, particularly in the presence of small amounts of electrolyte, have exceUent thermal stabiHty, and their viscosity is essentially constant over the range 0 to 80°C. They are not affected by changes in pH ranging from 2 to 10. 

The quahtative flow distribution in a manifold can be estimated by examining a streamline plot. Figure 13 shows the streamline plot for the manifold having AR = 4. Note that the same amount of fluid flows between two consecutive streamlines. The area ratio is an important parameter affecting the flow distribution in a manifold, as shown in Figure 14a, which shows the percent flow rate in each channel for three cases. As the area ratio increases, the percent flow rate increases in channels no. 1 and no. 8, whereas the percent flow rate decreases in the middle channels. 

---