Raman cartilage

Numerous tissues have been analysed with Raman spectroscopy, including skin [44, 45], brain [46], lung [47, 48], spleen [49], spinal tissue [50], cartilage... 

Within the context of muscle tissue, FT-IR and Raman imaging have each been applied more often to smooth muscle than to skeletal muscle. Both, FT-IR and Raman imaging of blood vessels were used to obtain chemical and spatial information about atherosclerosis [14—16]. Raman images of bronchial tissue containing not only cartilage and epithelium but also smooth muscle were reported [17]. Other FT-IR and Raman imaging studies on the esophagus, intestine and uterus concentrated rather on the epithelium than on smooth muscle, mainly because carcinomas arise in the epithehal tissues. 

Connective tissues have often been reported in Raman and FT-IR images adjacent to epitheUum or carcinomas. Articular cartilage [15], ECM damage [16], and sarcoma, which is a neoplastic process originating within connective tissue [17], were studied by Raman spectroscopy. Applications of vibrational spectroscopic imaging to bone, which belongs to supportive connective tissue and is considered as hard tissue, are described in Chapter 4 of this book. 

Figure 4.5 Raman image from a human cartilage-bone interface (knee joint) obtained through the 20x objective, step size 5 jm 785 nm laser, lOOmW, 1 s/2...

Bonifacio, A. et al (2010) Chemical imaging of articular cartilage sections with Raman mapping, employing uni-and multi-variate methods for data analysis. Analyst, 135 (12), 3193—3204. 

Levorson, E.J., Raman Sreerekha, P, Chennazhi, K.P., Kasper, F.K., Nair, S.V., Mikos, A.G., 2013. Fabrication and characterization of multiscale electrospun scaffolds for cartilage regeneration. Biomedical Materials 8, 014103. 

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