Radioanalytical methods

Wainerdi (1979) Reference material for trace analysis by radioanalytical methods Bowen s Kale. 

For chemical speciation, X-ray absorption spectroscopy is another supreme tool taking advantage of its electronic and structural information power. Also, REMPI-MS is outstanding in its selectivity for molecular species. Radioanalytical methods have also been used for speciation analysis [548]. Microscopical speciation analysis requires SSIMS or LMMS [549]. 

Conventional analytical techniques generally operate at the part per million or higher levels. Some techniques such as laser photo acoustic spectroscopy are capable of measuring phenomena at the 10-8-10-6 mol/L level. The most sensitive conventional analytical techniques, time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence, and ICP-MS are capable of measuring concentrations at the part per trillion level, that is, 1 part in 1012, but rarely does one see detection sensitivities at the single atom level as routinely found in some radioanalytical techniques. While techniques such as ICP-MS are replacing the use of neutron activation analysis in the routine measurement of part per billion concentrations, there can be no doubt about the unique sensitivity associated with radioanalytical methods. 

Column-based separation approaches are well suited for the isolation of radionuclides from complex sample matrixes in a rapid automated format. The development of automated radioanalytical methods is, in fact, closely coupled to the availability of extraction chromatographic materials. In this review, we will focus on the... 

Dietz, M. L., Recent progress in the development of extraction chromatographic methods for radionuclide separation and preconcentration. In Radioanalytical Methods at the Frontier of Interdisciplinary Science, eds. C. Laue and K. Nash, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2004, pp. 161-176. 

The radioanalytical methods of determining 55Fe and 63Ni were worked out by Holm et al.6 and Skwarzec et al.11 Figures 11.1 and 11.2 illustrate the procedures for the radiochemical analysis of 55Fe and 63Ni in aquatic environmental samples. 

A number of natural and artificial alpha radionuclides are used, or could be used, as indicators for studying geochemical and biological processes in the natural aquatic environment. The concentrations of these radionuclides in natural components are very low. Thus, high-quality analytical procedures are needed for the measurement of radionuclides in environmental samples. Until now a large number of radioanalytical methods for either a single radionuclide or a limited number of radionuclides have been described in the literature. However, only a few methods are available for multiradionuclide determination.29-32... 

The various radioanalytical methods will be discussed in more detail in the following sections. 

Two radioanalytical methods described in chapter 17 are applied preferentially in the life sciences, activation analysis and isotope dilution, the latter mainly in combination with the substoichiometric principle. 

Laue, Carola A., Kenneth L. Nash, and American Chemical Society, Division of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology. Radioanalytical Methods in Interdisciplinary Research Fundamentals in Cutting-Edge Applications. ACS Symposium Series, no. 868. Washington, D.C. American Chemical Society, 2004. 

Among the reasons for the controversies over discovery of elements 104 and 105 are their short half-lives and small production rates that made it necessary to study and identify them online at the accelerators where they were produced on the basis of their decay properties rather than on conventional radioanalytical methods. New radioanalytical techniques had to be developed for unequivocally establishing that a new element had, indeed, been produced. 

Eaton, G. F., Hudson, G. B., and Moran, J. E. 2004. Tritium-helium-3 age-dating of ground-water in the Livermore Valley of California.in Radioanalytical Methods in Interdisciplinary Research. Laue, C. A. and Nash, K. L., eds. pp. 235-245. Washington, DC ACS. 

Egorov, O. B., O Hara, M. J., Addleman, S. R., Grate, J. W. 2003. Automation of radiochemical analysis from groundwater monitoring to nuclear waste analysis in Radioanalytical Methods in Interdisciplinary Research Fundamental to Cutting Edge Applications. ASC Symposium Series 868. Washington, DC ACS. 

Many radioanalytical methods have been introduced for trace ana is. Eadi method has its own advantages, but in comparison with ordinary instrumental nuclear m ods, these radioanalyticd methods, except for sut toichiometry, have not been applied to analysis of many actual sampla. Substoichiometric analytical methods induding substoichiometric radioactivation analysis will come to be more widely used, as a result of the many possible applications. 

Apart from the careful regulation of radioactive material handling, the main obstacle to more widespread application of these radioanalytical methods is that they involve chemical procedures for sample preparation. By examining the chemical procedures carefully, simpler methods may be found as has been demonstrated in substoichiometric radioactivation analysis and some cases of sutetoichio-metric chemical speciation. 

Many nuclear techniques have been introduced into the field of analytical chemistry. This chapter focu on radioanalytical methods with tlie exc j on of radiotracers, used to correct for separation yield in analytical procedures, and the radioreagent technique, based on quantitative and stoichiometric reaction of an elmnent of interest. Instrumental methods such as radioactivation analysis and proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry are also powerful nuclear analytical techniques, but they also must fall outside the scope of this short treatment. Then, the modem trends in radio-analytical methods are described, which feature autonomous analytical methods with a novel combination of chemical procedures and radioisotope techniques. 

Radioanalytical methods for the determination of intermolecular interactions have been studied using AgI-TlI-( I), and Hgl2-TlI-( I) as model systems, and comparing the results with X-voy analysis and micro-d.t.a. ... 

A review appeared on speciation of trace elements using radioanalytical methods . Particle-induced X-ray emission (PKE) combined with X-ray spectrometry affords a sensitive multielement analytical method. An advantage of this radiation method is its capability to combine with microbeam techniques, allowing elemental mapping with 1 pm spatial resolution. Applications of PIXE in biology, medicine, geology, air pollution research, archeology and art have been demonstrated . 

Emanometric methods are radioanalytical methods that use measurement of radioactive isotopes of inert gases for the determination of appropriate elements. A good example is the use of the radon isotopes Rn, Rn, and Rn to determine radon, thorium, radium, and actinium. Indirect determinations... 

Even though neutron activation methods have been described for the determination of 0.1 pg amounts of technetium in environmental samples, radiochemical techniques have been most extensively used since the 1980s. In 1984, a general radioanalytical method was developed for the determination of Tc in environmental samples by radiochemical separation and low-level Geiger-Miiller counting. A method suitable for large volumes of water was described in 1988. More sensitive analytical techniques using... 

A formal distinction between elemental analysis and elementary analysis " (Section 1.6.4) is seldom carefully observed in English. Elemental analysis in the present context is understood to mean a determination of essentially all the elements present in a sample, irrespective of the type of bonding involved or the constitution of the matrix. Means toward that end include not only the classical methods (gravimetric analysis, ti-trimetry, spectrophotometry, electrochemical and kinetic methods, etc.) but also atomic spectromet-ric and radioanalytical methods, some of which are essentially nondestructive. From the standpoint of reliability, classical chemical methods... 

The need for increased reliability and analytical quality control has emphasized the usefulness of radiochemical methods for the certification of standard reference materials (SRM) [9], [22j. 23J. Radioanalytical methods are often suitable for homogeneity testing and di.stribution analysis of traces in SRMs. Activation analysis, radiotracer techniques, and isotope dilution analysis are becoming increasingly important for assessment of analytical quality. 

Radioanalytical methods are well suited to the determination of basic analytical data, such as equilibrium constants, or kinetic data (see Section 8.3.1). The.se data are important for development and optimization of new analytical procedures [61]. 

Radioanalytical indicator methods (including the radioreagent method, see Chap. 8.5) experienced a revival in the 1960s and early 1970s. Modern direct instrumental methods [19] underemphasized the importance of radioanalytical methods, which are necessary to establish the accuracy of spectroscopic methods, to avoid systematic enors. and to assess trace content in SRMs. An important advantage is the ability to reveal accidental losses, even at the ultra-trace level. 

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