R D program

Environmental factors should also be incorporated into a company s technical or research and development program. Since the planning horizons for new projects may now extend to 5 to 10 years, R D programs can be designed for ecific projects. These may include new process modifications or end-of-pipe control technologies. 

Chance (or serendipity as embittered biotech CEOs like to call it) plays a major factor in the successful outcome of an R D program. External forces in the marketplace can make or break small companies hence the environment is highly volatile and subject to change rapidly. 

This research was supported by the Carbon Dioxide Reduction Sequestration Center, one of of the 21 Century Frontier R D Programs funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea. 

This work was supported by the 21C Frontier R D Program, Industrial Waste Recycling R D Center (Project 2A-B-1-1). 

Biocatalysts Ltd. works through customer agreements with customer, so far, they already hold exclusivity agreements with some blue chip companies around the world. The R D program is focused on the development of new enzymes and enzyme complexes mainly identified by customers. British Universities undertake most of the needed basic research into new enzymes through allegiances with Biocatalyst Ltd. This allows the in-house scientists to focus onto the customers needs, whilst keeping full up to date with the latest developments in bioresearch. 

This work was performed under the management of the Research Association for Basic Polymer Technology as part of the R D Program of Basic Polymer Technology for Future Industries, sponsored by the NEDO. 

With approval by the FERC of the 1978 R D program, GRI began to negotiate and let contracts for a supplemental program, largely in the areas of unconventional natural gas supply and gas conservation. Since the FERC funding mechanism did not become effective until June 1 and cash flow from interstate sales and transportation services did not start until late summer,... 

GRI received only approximately 6 million for the FERC approved 1978 R D program and was not able to place contracts for all of its intended program during the 1978 calendar year. 

M.C. Williams, D.A. Berry, "Overview of the DOE-Funded Fuel Cell Contaminants R D Program," Fuel Cell Seminar Program and Abstracts, 1990 Fuel Cell Seminar, Phoenix, AR, November 25-28, 1990. 

While interest in amorphous alloys was becoming vane over the time, the paradigm shift in materials science brought about by the discovery of amorphous metals and rapid solidification cannot be underestimated. The interest of physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers became refocused from well-ordered crystalline materials to disordered and nanocrystalline phases. Shortly, substantial R D programs were initiated in the USA, Japan, and worldwide both at universities and national government laboratories. Foundations have been established for the advance of the science of nanomaterials. 

Strategies for research include enhancing existing R D programs and fostering new R D programs for faculty development. 

The final category of proposals consists of suggestions for hybridizing end-to-end, pay-as-you-go, and/or conventional patent incentives within a single strategy. Today s Private-Public Partnerships frequently use sponsor money to subsidize commercial R D programs when conventional patent incentives are thought to be inadequate (Pharmaceutical R D Policy Project 2005). 

End-to-end strategies leave R D decisions in the hands of industry. The most natural way to extend these strategies is to let the industrial partner own patent rights over and above the basic end-to-end reward. Alternatively, sponsors can dispense with end-to-end rewards entirely by paying a subsidy to the private partner s R D program. In either case, sponsors face the usual difficulty of deciding how much reward is actually needed to elicit investment. However, this problem is harder now because the private partner can usually estimate the value of patent rights better than the sponsor can. This increases the sponsor s risk of overpayment. 

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