Quinoline synthesis

The formation of quinolines and benzoquinolines by the condensation of primary aryl amines with P-diketones followed by an acid catalyzed ring closure of the Schiff base intermediate is known as the Combes quinoline synthesis. The closely related reaction of primary aryl amines with p-ketoesters followed by the cyclization of the Schiff base intermediate is called the Conrad-Limpach reaction and it gives 4-hydroxyquinolines as products.  

The first step in the Combes reaction is the acid-catalyzed condensation of the diketone with the aromatic amine to form a Schiff base (imine), which then isomerizes to the corresponding enamine. In the second step, the carbonyl oxygen atom of the enamine is protonated to give a carbocation that undergoes an electrophilic aromatic substitution. Subsequent proton transfer, elimination of water and deprotonation of the ring nitrogen atom gives rise to the neutral substituted quinoline system. 

In the laboratory of S. Gupta, the synthesis of novel heterocyclic ring systems was accomplished utilizing the Combes reaction The condensation of 1-naphthylamine with 2-acylindan-1,3-diones produced the corresponding anils in good yield. The anils were cyclodehydrated to benz[/ ]indeno[2,1-c]quinoline-7-ones in the presence of polyphosphoric acid. Subsequent Wolff-Kishner reduction gave rise to the novel 7H-benzo[/ ]indeno[2,1-c]quinolines. 

During a study of the reactivity of 4(7)-aminobenzimidazole as a bidentate nucleophile, C. Avendano and co-workers obtained 7/-/-imidazo[1,5,4-e,/][1,5]benzodiazepine-4-ones by using (3-ketoesters as electrophiles. The reactions were regioselective and took place with equimolar amounts of the (3-ketoesters without the use of a catalyst. Isolated yields were around 50%. However, when the benzimidazole was treated with 2,4-pentanedione in a 1 5 ratio in the presence of an acid catalyst, an 1H-imidazo[4,5-h]quinoline was formed and no traces of imidazobenzodiazepines were observed. 

In the attempted synthesis of twisted polycycle 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylfluorenoM, 9-g/i]quinoline, R.A. Pascal Jr. et al. used the Combes quinoline synthesis to assemble the azaaceanthrene core. Oxidation with DDQ was followed by a Diels-Alder reaction with tetracyclone (tetraphenylcyclopentadienone) to afford the corresponding cycloadduct. However, the last decarbonylation step of the sequence failed to work even under forcing conditions, presumably due to steric hindrance. 

---

Many substituted quinolines are intermediates for antimalarials. The 2,4-di-substituted quinolines are produced from aniline and 1,3-diketones by the Combes quinoline synthesis (28). The reaction of aniline with nitrobenzene in the presence of dry sodium hydroxide at 140°C leads to formation of phenazine [92-82-0] and by-products (Wohl-Aue synthesis) (29). 

Pyrazino[l, 2-c]pyrimidin-6-one, octahydro-reactions, 3, 351 Pyrazino[2,3 -6]quinoline synthesis, 3, 256... 

Pyrazolopyrimidinones C NMR, 5, 308 methylation, 5, 310 synthesis, 5, 329 Pyrazolopyrimidinones, thioxo-synthesis, 5, 324 Pyrazoloquinazolines synthesis, 5, 317, 322 Pyrazolo[ 1,5-n]quinazolines synthesis, 5, 273 Pyrazolo[ 1,5-c]quinazolines synthesis, 5, 324 Pyrazolo[2,3-n]quinazolines synthesis, 3, 378 Pyrazoloquinazolinones synthesis, 5, 342 Pyrazolo[4,3-/]quinazolinones synthesis, 5, 273 Pyrazolo[4,3-g]quinazolinones synthesis, 5, 273 Pyrazolo[3,4-/]quinolines synthesis, 5, 273 Pyrazolo[4,3-/]quinolines synthesis, 5, 273 Pyrazolo[l,5-n]quinoxalines synthesis, 5, 339 Pyrazolo[3,4-6]quinoxalines synthesis, 5, 272... 

PyrimidoX4,5-6]quinoline-2-carboxylic acids synthesis, 3, 224-225 Pyrimido[4,5-6]quinoline-2,4-diones synthesis, 3, 224 Pyrimido[5,4-6]quinolinediones synthesis, 3, 219 Pyrimido[4,5-6]quinolines synthesis, 3, 219, 224, 227, 228, 230, 231 Pyrimido[4,5-c]quinolines synthesis, 3, 224, 227 tautomerism, 3, 205 Pyrimido[5,4-6]quinolines synthesis, 3, 227 Pyrimido[5,4-c]quinolines synthesis, 3, 219, 224, 227, 230 Pyrimido[5,4-6]quinoline-1,3,5-trione, 7-chloro-synthesis, 3, 221... 

E rrolo[3,2-i]quinolines synthesis, 4, 260, 517 Pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines synthesis, 4, 527 Pyrrolo[3,4-6]quinolines synthesis, 4, 517... 

Thieno[3,4-h]quinoline, 1,3-diphenyl-synthesis, 4, 1026 Thienoquinolines, 4, 1025 Thieno[2,3-h]quinolines, 4, 1025 Thieno[3,2-c]quinolines synthesis, 4, 785, 788 Thieno[3,4-h]quinolines, 4, 1026 Thieno[3,4-h]quinoxaline, 1,3-diphenyl-synthesis, 4, 1027 Thienoquinoxalines, 4, 1026 Thieno[2,3-h]quinoxalines synthesis, 4, 1026... 

COMBES Quinoline Synthesis Quinoline synthesis from anilines and p-diketones... 

FRIEOLANOER Quinoline Synthesis Quinoline synthesis from condensation of o aminoaryl aldehydes (ketones) with a methylene aldehydes (ketones)... 

KNORR Quinoline Synthesis Quinoline synthesis by cyclization of acetoacetanilides. 

PFITZINGER Quinoline synthesis QumoHne-4-cartx)xyHc acids from isatin and a-methylene carbonyl compounds. 

S K R A U P Quitxiline synthesis Quinoline synthesis from anilines and acrolein or glycerol... 

The Camps quinoline synthesis entails the base catalyzed intramolecular condensation of a 2-acetamido acetophenone (1) to a 2-(and possibly 3)-substituted-quinolin-4-ol (2), a 4-(and possibly 3)-substituted-quinolin-2-ol (3), or a mixture. 

An interesting use of the Camps quinoline synthesis is in the ring contraction of macrocycles. Treatment of 9 member ring 24 with sodium hydroxide in water furnished quinolin-4-ol 25, while 26 furnishes exclusively quinolin-2-ol 27 under the same reaction conditions (no yield was given for either reaction). The reaction does not work with smaller macrocycles. The authors rationalize the difference in reactivity based upon ground state conformation differences, but do not elaborate. 

In 1883, Bottinger described the reaction of aniline and pyruvic acid to yield a methylquinolinecarboxylic acid. He found that the compound decarboxylated and resulted in a methylquinoline, but made no effort to determine the position of either the carboxylic acid or methyl group. Four years later, Doebner established the first product as 2-methylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid (8) and the second product as 2- methylquinoline (9). Under the reaction conditions (refluxing ethanol), pyruvic acid partially decarboxylates to provide the required acetaldehyde in situ. By adding other aldehydes at the beginning of the reaction, Doebner found he was able to synthesize a variety of 2-substituted quinolines. While the Doebner reaction is most commonly associated with the preparation of 2-aryl quinolines, in this primary communication Doebner reported the successful use of several alkyl aldehydes in the quinoline synthesis. 

The Friedlander quinoline synthesis combines an a-amino aldehyde or ketone (1) with another aldehyde or ketone with at least one methylene a to the carbonyl (2) to furnish a substituted quinoline. The reaction can be promoted by acid, base, or heat. 

Interestingly, the first report of a reaction of this type was reported by Fischer and Rudolph earlier the same year Friedlander reported his quinoline synthesis.Heating of acetylaniline (7) in the presence of zinc chloride promotes acyl migration to furnish 2-aminoacetophenone (8) and 4-aminoacetophenone (9). These two molecules combine to furnish flavanilin (10). ... 

The Knorr quinoline synthesis refers to the formation of a-hydroxyquinolines 4 from P-ketoesters 2 and aryl amines 1. The reaction usually requires heating well above 100°C. However, some cases do exist when the cyclization takes place in the presence of a catalytic amount of mineral acid at temperatures as low as -10 °C. The intermediate anilide 3 undergoes cyclization by dehydration with concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction is conceptually close to the Doebner-Miller and Gould-Jacobs reactions. ... 

The Knorr quinoline synthesis has been nicely extended by Hodgkinson and Staskun to include P-ketoesters that do not have protons at the 2 position of the starting keto-ester. 2,2 -dichloroanilides of type 14 can cyclize to provide quinolines such as 15 and 16 in good respective yields. ... 

A variety of aryl systems have been explored as substrates in the Knorr quinoline synthesis. Most notable examples are included in the work of Knorr himself who has demonstrated the high compatibility of substituted anilines as nucleophilic participants in that reaction. In the case of heteroaromatic substrates however, the ease of cyclization is dependent on the nature and relative position of the substituents on the aromatic ring." For example, 3-aminopyridines do not participate in ring closure after forming the anilide... 

The Meth-Cohn quinoline synthesis involves the conversion of acylanilides 1 into 2-chloro-3-substituted quinolines 2 by the action of Vilsmeier s reagent in warmed phosphorus oxychloride (POCI3) as solvent. ... 

The classical Vilsmeier-Haack reaction is one of the most useful general synthetic methods employed for the formylation of various electron rich aromatic, aliphatic and heteroaromatic substrates. However, the scope of the reaction is not restricted to aromatic formylation and the use of the Vilsmeier-Haack reagent provides a facile entry into a large number of heterocyclic systems. In 1978, the group of Meth-Cohn demonstrated a practically simple procedure in which acetanilide 3 (R = H) was efficiently converted into 2-chloro-3-quinolinecarboxaldehyde 4 (R = H) in 68% yield. This type of quinoline synthesis was termed the Vilsmeier Approach by Meth-Cohn. ... 

When iV-substituted acylanilides 9 are treated under the same reaction conditions, the corresponding lV-substituted-2-quinolones 10 are isolated in high yields. This reaction was initially misinterpreted, but it has since been demonstrated to follow a similar mechanistic pathway to the Meth-Cohn quinoline synthesis. ... 

In the Meth-Cohn quinoline synthesis, the acetanilide becomes a nucleophile and provides the framework of the quinoline (nitrogen and the 2,3-carbons) and the 4-carbon is derived from the Vilsmeier reagent. The reaction mechanism involves the initial conversion of an acylanilide 1 into an a-iminochloride 11 by the action of POCI3. The a-chloroenamine tautomer 12 is subsequently C-formylated by the Vilsmeier reagent 13 derived from POCI3 and DMF. In examples where acetanilides 1 (r = H) are employed, a second C-formylation of 14 occurs to afford 15 subsequent cyclisation and... 

In a useful extension to the Meth-Cohn quinoline synthesis, pyridoquinolin-2-ones 27 are readily prepared in a one-pot procedure by sequential treatment of an acetanilide 3, firstly with the Vilsmeier reagent from DMF and POCI3 to afford the intermediate 16, which is then further reacted in situ with another secondary amide. ... 

Similarly, W-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists 32 with analgesic activity were prepared, again using the Meth-Cohn quinoline synthesis as the key entry reaction, subsequent functional group manipulation giving the desired target compound. 

In 1886 Pfltzinger reported a formal extension of the known Friedlander protocol for the synthesis of quinolic acids. This new protocol relied on the use of isatin which is much more stable than the ort/io-aminoaryl intermediates that are required in the Friedlander quinoline synthesis. In this early paper, Pfitzinger reports that upon heating of isatin 3 in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide, the former is. hydrolyzed to the isatic acid 4 which then in the presence of acetone reacts to give aniluvitonic acid 6. ... 

---