Questions with short answers

1 Describe the correlation that may exist between the Morse curve and the energy potential curve of an anharmonic oscillator. 

2 What are the parameters that influence the intensity of an absorption band  

3 Explain why it is important to record fluorescence spectra at low product concentrations. 

5 What are the advantage(s) and the disadvantage(s) of using a laser instead of a lamp as an excitation wavelength  

6 Describe effects of temperature on the fluorescence intensity, anisotropy, and lifetime. 

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The short answer is that the ON/OFF bits are real on the microscopic level and the objects are real on a higher, emergent level. A glider is a specific pattern of lower-level bits that, unless it comes into contact with other patterns, is faithfully reproduced in a diagonally displaced position every four iterations. The deeper answer is that both questions are ill-posed because neither object nor real can be objectively defined. Both terms can be understood only when interpreted modulo a specific dynamical level. 

When is medication indicated in the treatment of psychiatric illness There is no short answer to this question. At one end of the continuum, patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder, and severe major depressive disorder should always be considered candidates for pharmacotherapy, and neglecting to use medication, or at least discuss the use of medication with these patients, fails to adhere to the current standard of mental health care. Less severe depressive disorders, many anxiety disorders, and binge eating disorders can respond to psychotherapy and/or pharmacotherapy, and different therapies can target distinct symptom complexes in these situations. Finally, at the opposite end of the spectrum, adjustment disorders, specific phobias, or grief reactions should generally be treated with psychotherapy alone. 

Menaker Can you do T cycles with short light pulses That should answer this question. 

One question that often arises is which test should I use as I don t know what kind of effect I am going to see My short answer to this question is that in a confirmatory setting you should know By the time you reach that stage in the drug development programme your knowledge of the disease area and the treatment, in combination with the endpoint, should enable accurate prediction of what should happen. Of course, earlier on in the programme you may not know and in this exploratory phase it is perfectly valid to undertake both tests to explore the nature of the effects. 

There are as many or more examples of short-term and long-term fate as there are chemical-media combinations. An important consideration for this topic is whether we are interested in short-term or long-term fate. This is often a question to be answered by toxicologists. We will, for example, take the results of their computations and experiments and track the more toxic forms of a spill. Sometimes this involves a short-term fate, and sometimes this involves a long-term fate. The time scale of the calculations is important in determining how we deal with the problem or how we set up our solution. 

An important topic of current research is how the sequence of amino acids in a newly synthesized protein can direct the folding of the chain into a precise, biologically active shape. Can the amino acid sequence be used to predict the final three-dimensional shape of the protein The short answer to this question is, Not completely, not yet. Present computer-aided predictions are about 70% accurate with... 

Having posed the problem in this fashion, we must deal with the knotty question of what it is that would constitute a satisfactory answer. The orientations, locations, and even identities of the participating solvent molecules are constantly changing. So how can there be any kind of definitive mechanism to find The short answer is that for a general liquid process there is no such detailed mechanism, at least not one with any claim to generality. Ultrafast processes, however, are a different story — and vibrational friction is, in fact, an ultrafast process. 

Have you ever heard someone refer to aluminum foil as tin foil At one time, the foil was, in fact, made from elemental tin. Find out why manufacturers phased out tin in favour of aluminum. Compare their chemical and physical properties. Identify and classify the products made from or with aluminum. What are the technological costs and benefits of using aluminum What health-related and environment-related issues have surfaced as a result of its widespread use in society Write a brief report to assess the economic, social, and environment impact of our use of aluminum. Answers to Practice Problems and Short Answers to Section Review Questions ... 

We will discuss first whether there is an absolutely definite limit of action for all amylases. In the case of the action of /5-amylase on starch and on a-dextrins this question seems to be settled, but in the case of the malt a-amylase the answer is less certain. But certainly the action of the malt amylase practically stops at a certain limit. There is, however, almost always a very slow further action. It is possible that this slow saccharification of the limit dextrins is due not to the amylases but to other carbohydrases which have no action on starch but which are capable of attacking products with short chains. Under all circumstances it must be kept in mind that when in an experiment the saccharification for practical purposes has stopped and the limit dextrins have been isolated, this does not necessarily mean that the limit dextrins will not be further attacked by the enzyme used. But the velocity of this action is certainly very small compared with the velocity of the action on starch. Thus, it must be admitted that experiments involving the isolation of the limit dextrins after the action of a certain amylase on starch are in most cases not strictly reproducible. TJie total yield and chain length distribution of limit dextrins may vary, but their general character is not affected. If a limit dextrin produced by a certain amylase is treated with the same enzyme for a very long time, it is very often transformed to another limit dextrin of lower molecular weight with concomi-... 

In a few persons, some relatively short-term adverse effects were reported after conclusion of the chemical testing (hematuria, hepatitis, and hallucinogenic flashbacks). It Is unclear tdiether these effects resulted from the drug administration or occurred randomly and coincidentally. The extremely low Incidence of such reports makes It doubtful that the anticholinergic test substances played a role In Inducing these effects. However, the data are not sufficient to answer this question with certainty. 

One can ask whether we need an LC separation prior to MS and especially MS-MS detection. Most researchers in the field answer this question with a clear YES again. It has clearly been demonstrated that reliable quantitation of compound elution in the solvent front is not possible. An important function of the short analytical columns applied in high-throughput quantitative bioanalysis is to assure at least a minimum separation between the solvent front and the analyte. Additional issues related to the need to separate the parent drag from its metabolites are addressed in Ch. 11.3.2. 

The question of performance differences among various devices should be addressed on a level much broader than whether a device produces a better size distribution, greater lung penetration, or even better or better particle distribution as measured by isotope scanning. This is not to say that these questions are not important, but, rather, to say that the final answer to drug efficacy does not end with such studies of with short-term efficacy. Long-term outcome is the final determinant of utility of new aerosol modalities, and more such studies are badly needed. 

It will be advisable to frame few short answer questions. These questions can be given to the students before showing the film or video. During the follow-up activity unanswered questions and other important points should be discussed. Such activities help in coordinating the film or video with the topic. In the absence of such coordination sometimes the film or video becomes a wastage of time and effort. 

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