Quaternary alkylamines

Simple alkyl and alkenyl ethers of pentaerythritol are produced on direct reaction of the polyol and the requited alkyl or alkenyl chloride in the presence of quaternary alkylamine bromide (44). AHyl chloride produces the pentaerythritol tetraHyl ether [1471 -18-7],... 

For quaternary alkylamines, a. 0.1 M naphtalesulfonate solution in choline citrate buffer... 

Homologous series of quaternary alkylamines have been separated on porous microspherical polystyrene-divinylbenzene gel by means of methanol - containing perchloric, sulfuric or hy-drochloric acid as mobile phase (Figs.15.3 and 15.4). The retention behaviour of the alkylamines could be explained in terms of partition chromatography. 

Chem. Descrip. Quaternary alkylamine ethoxylate Ionic Nature Cationic Uses Hydrotrope, emulsifer, wetting agent Heloxyl VW 40 [Mosseiman NV]... 

Ammonia can act as a nucleophile toward primary and some secondary alkyl halides to give primary alkylamines Yields tend to be modest because the primary amine IS itself a nucleophile and undergoes alkylation Alkylation of ammonia can lead to a mixture containing a primary amine a secondary amine a tertiary amine and a quaternary ammonium salt... 

Ammonia and other amines are good nucleophiles in SN2 reactions. As a result, the simplest method of alkylamine synthesis is by Sn2 alkylation of ammonia or an alkylamine with an alky) halide. If ammonia is used, a primary amine results if a primary amine is used, a secondary amine results and so on. Even tertiary amines react rapidly with alkyl halides to yield quaternary ammonium salts, R4N+ X-... 

Alkylamine ethoxylates may be used as quaternary salts [785], The amount necessary to break the emulsion is generally 1 to 100 ppm. 

On 100% acrylic materials the quaternary ammonium retarders are used almost exclusively. Other types have been evaluated, however. For example, saturated alkylamines (RNH2 R = C10, C12, C14 and C16 hydrophobes) were found to be just as effective as the quaternary types although other factors, such as aqueous solubility at the optimal dyebath pH and resistance to subsequent discoloration, favour the quaternary compounds [34]- On the other hand, bis (hydroxyethyl) coco amine (12.10) had relatively little effect and the amphoteric carboxymethyldimethylcocoamine (12.11) none at all, although dimethyl-cocoamine oxide (12.12) was quite an effective retarder [34]- Other cationic compounds used [43,44] have included alkylpyridinium salts, imidazoles and imidazolinium salts, alkyldiamines, alkylpolyamines, as well as sulphonium and phosphonium derivatives. 

St CA 71, 9479(1969) (Colorimetry of alkylamines, guanidines, and quaternary ammonium salts by the Janovsky Reaction) (Free Gu from its salt with AgO in the presence of nitromethane and TNB colori-metrically measure the red compd formed)... 

Similar to other tertiary aliphatic amines, quinuclidine easily forms salts with mineral and organic acids, and quaternary derivatives with alkyl halides. However, the rates of reaction of alkyl iodides with quinuclidine are significantly higher than with tertiary aliphatic amines.32 For example, quinuclidine reacts with methyl iodide 50 times faster, and with isopropyl iodide 700 times faster, than does triethylamine. The addition compound of trimethylborane with quinuclidine is more stable than the corresponding adducts of tri-alkylamines. These results can be explained by the almost total... 

A variety of silylated alkylamines showing a wide diversity of biological activity have been studied. For example, a series of silylated amines is reported to have long-term insect-repellent activity (up to 30 days) compound 10 is typical of the group (53). Silylalkylamines having quaternary ammonium groups, such as 11, have been reported to have curare-like activity (54). 

Ammonia, alkylamines, and other proton acceptor species can react with boric acid in aqueous or alcoholic solutions to form a wide range of crystalline nomnetal borate salts. Borate salts of aprotic nomnetal cations, such as quaternary ammonium cations, have also been characterized. The ammonium borates are significant commercial products, and the recognition that both protic and aprotic nonmetal cations can stabilize unusual borate anions has led to increased interest in the study of this area. 

Basic or anion exchangers, generally quaternary ammonium compounds and alkylamines, extraction is dependent on the ability of the metal ion to form an anionic species in the aqueous phase and then be extracted as an ion-parr by the amine salt. 

Other derivatives were synthesized where the 3 substituent was in turn an halide [14], a nitrogen quaternary salt-containing side chains [15], an O-alkylamine [15], a nitro group [15], an azido group [16], a functionalized C-2 unit [17]. Several fluorinated analogues of Combretastatins A-1 and A-4 were synthesized and their in vitro anticancer properties determined. The most active fluoro analogue 3 -deoxy-3 -fluoro-combretastatin A-4 retains the potent cell growth inhibitory properties of Combretastatin A-4 [14]. 

Herzig-Meyer determination of (V-alkyl groups. IV-alkylamines are refluxed with hy-driodic acid and the quaternary alkyl ammonium iodides are pyrolyzed to split off alkyl iodide, which is determined gravimetrically by conversion to silver iodide or titrated as iodate. 

MPIC Cations Ion-pair formation neutral HC1 Hexane-sulfonic acid Octane-sulfonic acid In addition to the cations listed under HPIC alkylamines, alkanolamines, quaternary ammonium compounds, cationic surfactants, sulfonium compounds, phosphonium compounds... 

Distearyl or ditallow quaternary ammonium Cg-Cig amido C2-C3 alkyl di-Cj-C2 alkylamine C -Cjg alcohol mineral oil cyclomethicone propylene glycol... 

In the case of quartz flotation using primary amines and quaternary ammonium salts, as collectors, Somasundaran [24] found that the concentration (log C) of collectors at the critical flotation condition is linearly related to n values as shown in Fig. 5.7. In addition, the concentration (log C) at which the zeta-potential of quartz in alkylamine solutions is equal to zero was found to have similar linear relationship with n values (Fig. 5.8). 

HA, heterocyclic amine AA, aromatic amine PA, polyamine Al, aliphatic amine N, nitrosamine CZE, capillary zone electrophoresis MEKC, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography LIE, laser induced huorescence ED, electrochemical detection CD, conductivity detection AD, amperometric detection PD, potentiometric detection ALA, alkylamines AQA, alkyl and aUcylbenzyl quaternary ammonium compound A, air H, water S, soil W, waste. 

Zirconia. Mesoporous zirconia was first reported by Knowles and Hudson with cationic alkyltrimethylam-monium surfactants. Starting from zirconium sulfate or propoxide, Schiith and Ciesla et al. synthesized hexagonal mesoporous zirconia using alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants as templates. Reddy and Sayari obtained hexagonal or lamellar phases of mesostructured zirconia using quaternary ammonium surfactants and acidified primary alkylamine. 

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