Quark, The

Glashow, Sheldon L. From alchemy to quarks the study of physics as a liberal art. Pacific Grove (CA) Brooks/Cole Pub, 1994. xxvi, 692 p. ISBN 0534166563... 

Xn an entiraly different wetter. X have been reading and thinking about the proton and quarks. The 9en r l wey how Nobel Prises have been given seems to be far from proper, but 1 obviously hava no influence. The second point is that the whole discussion of quarks and gluons is a little unconvincing. I hava even triad soma improvement on the way to look at the problem. I hava nothing really to report, but t continue to worry. 

Accurate theoretical prediction of mass spectra and other properties of hadrons containing heavy quarks is important for mass spectra of hadrons for forthcoming experiments on the study of their properties. At present such facilities as Tevatron, LHC and JHF will have the opportunity to produce hadrons with one or more heavy quarks. The successful experiments at the Collider Detector at Fermilab Collaboration on the observation of the Bc meson (Abe et. ah, 1998) gives some hope to observe heavy quarkonia, also. 

If there is a small mismatch (dp < A) between the Fermi surfaces of the pairing u and d quarks, the excitation spectrum will change. For example, we show the excitation spectrum of Q(ur, dg) and Q(dg,ur) in the left panel of Figure 3. We can see that 5p induces two different dispersion relations, the quasi-particle Q(dg,ur) has a smaller gap A — p, and the quasi-particle Q(ur,dg) has a larger gap A //. This is similar to the case when the mismatch is induced by the mass difference of the pairing quarks [16]. 

If an a-particle (4He nucleus) adds a d-quark, the energy difference should be almost 4 times the case of a proton. The first electron is bound (5/3)2 rydberg or 38 eV. The binding of the second electron can be extrapolated from the parabolic variation (20) in the isoelectronic series He, Li+, Be+2,... to be 13 eV, comparable with oxygen and chlorine atoms. Hence, the species He(d)-1/3 is not particularly reactive, though its proton adduct He(d)H+2/3 should be far less acidic than HeH+ (which is already stable toward dissociation in the gaseous state, but too strong a Br nsted acid to persist in any known solvent). 

Particles such as electrons and muons are not made up of quarks, and they are thus insensitive to the strong force. It is electrical attraction between unlike charges that binds electrons in atoms. Both electrons and muons belong to a class of particles called leptons, and there are six of them, just as there are six quarks. The six leptons are the electron, the muon, the tauon (named after the Greek letter tau), and three different kinds of neutrinos, which are called electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tauon neutrino. 

Is the neutron as we understand it today really a combination of a proton and electron as Rutherford envisioned it This is a philosophically interesting question. When neutrons decay, they produce a proton and an electron (and an antineutrino as well) however, these particles are not understood to have a real existence within an intact neutron. Indeed, the constituent parts of neutrons (and protons for that matter) are understood to be quarks. The phenomenon of neutron decay is explained by a transformation of one of its constituent quarks, turning the neutron into a proton the energy difference between the neutron and proton gives rise to the electron and antineutrino. 

Number of Particle Families. How many families of matter may exist Three, four, or more An acceptable number among researchers today is three, Three family entities make up matter—the stars, the planets, molecules, and the atoms in the paper upon which this is printed. These fundamental particles are the up1 quark, the down quark, and the electron,. Some other researchers are not quite so confident. One is reminded of the quotation from Jonathan Swift ... 

Nuclei are constructed from protons and neutrons. The proton and the neutron are members of a class of elementary particles called baryons (the heavy ones) which are constructed from quarks. The quark orbital is the product... 

Quarks were first identified by observing the products formed in high-energy nuclear collisions. Six types of quarks are recognized. Each quark type is known as a flavor. The six flavors are up, down, top, bottom, strange, and charm. Only two of these—the up and down quarks—compose protons and neutrons. A proton is made up of two up quarks and one down quark, while a neutron consists of one up quark and two down quarks. The other four types of quarks exist only in unstable particles that spontaneously break down during a fraction of a second. 

In the manufacture of fresh cheeses, e. g. quark, the pasteurised skim milk is inoculated with micro-organisms (Sc. lactis, Sc. cremoris). To accelerate the thickening, the enzym chymosin is added. After ripening - with a pH value of about 4.6 - the coagulated milk must be pumped through a separator, possibly including an ultrafiltration system, in order to separate the sour whey. The ultrafiltration would separate the whey into 2 phases the permeate (water soluble) and the retentate (protein phase). Finally the quark, retentate, cream, (fruit) preparations, flavourings or spices and herbs are added. 

Another group of particles being formed during this period were the quarks, the most elementary of known particles. Six "flavors" (types) of quarks have been identified up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. The masses of these quarks range from slightly... 

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