Muons neutrino

L. Lederman (Batavia, Illinois), M. Schwartz (Mountain View, California) and J. Steinberger (Geneva) for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino. 

Particles such as electrons and muons are not made up of quarks, and they are thus insensitive to the strong force. It is electrical attraction between unlike charges that binds electrons in atoms. Both electrons and muons belong to a class of particles called leptons, and there are six of them, just as there are six quarks. The six leptons are the electron, the muon, the tauon (named after the Greek letter tau), and three different kinds of neutrinos, which are called electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tauon neutrino. 

The longstanding idea of superluminal motion has become subject to renewed interest, due to a number of recent discoveries and observations, as described in a survey by Recami [27]. Thus the squared mass of muon-neutrinos is found to be negative. There are further observations that can be interpreted as superluminal expansions inside quasars, in some galaxies and in galactic objects. Also, so called X-shaped waves have been observed [69] to propagate at a... 

MUON. The muon (p ) is an elementary particle of the lepton family. Properties include Spin, mass (MeV). 105.66 lifetime, 2.20 x I0-6 second. The antiparticle is the positive muon (p1). The muon neutrino I n has spin. U 0 mass and is stable. The muon family appears to be simply... 

During the 1960s, L.M. Lederman, M. Schwartz, and J. Steinberger conducted the well-known two-neutnno experiment, which established a relationship between particles, muon and muon neutrinos, electron and electron neutrino, This later evolved into I he standard model of particle physics. The Nobel prize in physics was shared by these researchers in 1988. 

There are three known flavors of neutrinos the electron neutrino z/e, the muon neutrino and the tau neutrino ur. They are so named because they are produced or destroyed in concomitance with the electron, the muon, and the tau lepton, respectively. 

Neutrino oscillations have up to now been detected in two systems. Atmospheric muon neutrinos, which originate from the collision of cosmic rays... 

Another group of fundamental particles are the leptons (light particles), comprising also three families, electron and electron neutrino, muon and muon neutrino, tau particle and tau neutrino. Properties of the leptons are summarized in Table 3.3. The most important particles of this group are the electron and the electron neutrino, which are both stable. 

In 1956, after a four-year search, U.S. physicists F. Reines (1918-1998) and C. L. Cowan (1919-1974) finally succeeded in detecting neutrinos produced by the Savannah River Reactor in South Carolina. By 1962, a particle accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory was generating enough neutrinos to conduct detection experiments. Over several months, physicists observed a few dozen neutrino events and found that there were at least two types of neutrinos. The first one discovered was dubbed the electron neutrino, and the second the muon neutrino. Proof of a long-suspected third type of neutrino, the tau neutrino, were first found in late 1998. 

I960 Lederman, Schwarz and Steiiiberger discover the muon neutrino. 

The second family in Table 10.2 contains the "heavy electron", the muon and the muon neutrino, and the charm and the strange quarks. The third family contains the tau particle, the tau electron, and the two quarks referred to as top (or truth) and bottom (or beauty). These quarks can only be produced in high energy particle reactions. 

K. Assamagan, C. Bronnimann, M. Daum, H. Forrer, R. Frosch, P. Gheno, R. Horisberger, M. Janousch, P. Kettle, T. Spirig, C. Wigger, Upper limit of the muon-neutrino mass and charged-pion mass from momentum analysis of a surface muon beam, Phys. Rev. D 53 (1996) 6065-6077. 

T absolute temperature V, v, V. neutrino, muon neutrino, eleetron... 

We shall call the two neutrinos the electron neutrino, v. and the muon neutrino, v. At the present time nothing can be said about their nature, to explain the difference in their properties in terms of a difference in structure. 

As traditional representations of the world involve three branches picturing the male, female and neutral features of nature, particles are classified as Fermion half-integer spin matter (electrons, protons, neutrons, muons, neutrinos,. ..) or antimatter (positrons, antiprotons,. ..) and Boson full-integer spin particles (photons, mesons, gluons,. ..). Some of these are perfectly stable (protons, electrons, neutrinos, photons,. ..) or relatively long-lived (neutrons 16.9 min, muons 2.2 x lO sec) while others are very short-lived (mesons, hyperons, x > 10 sec) or unstable (resonances, x < 10" sec), and some have not been isolated (quarks,. ..). Nuclei of common matter are made of protons and neutrons, and these latter disintegrate to a proton, an electron and a neutrino when they are isolated. Nowadays one considers a proton as being compounded... 

Fig. 10.1. (Tt /F ,/for the muon neutrino and antineutrino charged-current total cross-section as a function of neutrino energy.

It was by this process that the muon neutrino was discovered and shown to be a different particle from the electron neutrino. The principle of lepton conservation for each lepton type (or flavor) has been tested experimentally in many different ways and appears to be valid, but it is possible that separate lepton conservation is not rigorously true and additional tests are still needed. A superior way of testing these lepton properties is by studying the neutrino spectrum from the sun and cosmic rays. This topic will be discussed further in Section n. 

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