Extension to the hadrons quark-lepton universality

We here enlarge the standard model to include the weak and electromagnetic interactions of hadrons. We encounter serious techniceil problems if we try to restrict ourselves to the original three quarks, u,d,s. In particular we find unwanted neutral strangeness-changing currents in the theory. These difficulties are eliminated by the introduction of a new charm quark c. There is then a very attractive universality between the two lepton doublets (e-) ( - ) quark doublets formed from 

The discovery of a third generation lepton, the t, recreates technical problems which are resolved by the discovery of a third generation quark, the b (for bottom ). Assuming that the hitherto unobserved partners Ur and the top quark t really exist, we have an enlarged lepton-quark universality between three generations of leptons and three generations of quarks. 

We further find that it is necessary to endow eeich quark with a completely new, internal degree of freedom ceiUed colour . Eeich quark can exist in three different colour states. Severed technical problems— the statistics of quarks, the tt decay rate, and the existence of triangle anomalies— are thereby resolved. The implications of colour for the famous ratio 

---