Strong forces

Table 1. Maximum error in the energy using the semi-implicit method with the energy conserving method (6) for the strong forces.

The nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons in a cluster. Virtually all the mass of the atom resides in the nucleus. The nucleus is held together by the tight pull of what is known to chemists and physicists as the "strong force." This force between the protons and neutrons overcomes the repulsive electrical force that would, according to the rules of electricity, push the protons apart otherwise. 

Besides particles, the forces of nature play also a key role. In the past century four fundamental forces were recognized the gravitational, electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces. Of these the weak and strong forces are less familiar, because they are nuclear forces and their strength rapidly diminishes over all but subatomic scales. 

The stmcture of the particles inside the nucleus was the next question to be addressed. One step in this direction was the discovery of the neutron in 1932 by Chadwick, and the deterrnination that the nucleus was made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is known as the atomic number, Z. The number of neutrons is denoted by A/, and the atomic mass is thus A = Z - - N. Another step toward describing the particles inside the nucleus was the introduction of two forces, namely the strong force that holds the protons and neutrons together in spite of the repulsion between the positive charges of the protons, and the weak force that produces the transmutation by P decay. 

Chemical bonds are strong forces of attraction which hold atoms together in a molecule. There are two main types of chemical bonds, viz. covalent and ionic bonds. In both cases there is a shift in the distribution of electrons such that the atoms in the molecule adopt the electronic configuration of inert gases. 

Why is it important that weak forces, not strong forces, mediate biomolecnlar recognition ... 

Larger polymers are known as proteins. Aside from the amide linkages, the polymer chain is very flexible, giving rise to the possibility of an enormous number of different conformers. It is nothing short of remarkable, therefore, that proteins rapidly fold into a single conformation. Very strong forces must be at work. 

The Oppau disaster led to an extensive examination of the expl. properties of AN and it was decided that it can be expld, although with difficulty, when the material is under strong confinement and is heated or initiated with sufficiently strong force... 

FIGURE 17.14 The protons in a nucleus repel one another electrically, but the strong force, which acts between all nucleons, holds the nucleus together. 

Strassmann, F., 17 strong acid, F74, 396 strong base, F74, 397 strong electrolyte, F6"7 strong force, 705 strong-field ligand, 683 strontium, 593 structural formula, F24 structural isomer, 675, 734... 

CHEMICAL BOND Strong forces of attraction holding atoms together in molecules or crystalline salts. 

The 7t scale of solvents (Kamlet-Taft scale) is intended to represent the solute-solvent interactions in the absence of strong forces such as hydrogen-bonding or dipole-dipole interactions. It is based on the n to n absorption of a series of seven solutes (six uitroaromatics, such as 4-uitroanisole, A, A -diethyl-3-nitroaniline, 1-ethyl-4-uitrobeuzeue, etc., aud 4-dimethylamiuobenzophenone) [51-53]. 

Strong force The force that holds the atomic nucleus together. It operates only at very short distances. 

An enormous amount of chemistry is carried out in solutions that consist of ionic compounds that have been dissolved in a solvent. In order to separate the ions from the lattice in which they are held, there must be strong forces of interaction between the ions and the molecules of the solvent. The most common solvent for ionic compounds is water, and that solvent will be assumed for the purposes of this discussion. 

Considering the structure to be ionic, explain why there are no strong forces of attraction between chains. 

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