Quantity needed, industrial

Filter aids are widely used in die fermentation industry to improve the efficiency of filtration. It is a pre-coated filter medium to prevent blockage or blinding of the filter by solids, which would otherwise wedge diemselves into the pores of the cloth. Filter aid can be added to the fermentation broth to increase the porosity of the cake as it formed. This is only recommended when fermentation product is extracellular. Filter aid adds to the cost of filtration. The minimum quantity needed to achieve the desired result must be established experimentally. Fermentation broths can be pretreated to improve filtration characteristics. Heating to denature proteins enhances the filterability of mycelial broths such as in penicillin production. Alternatively, electrolytes may be added to promote coagulation of colloids into larger, denser particles, which are easier to filter. The filtration process is affected by the viscosity and composition of the broth, and the cell cake.5... 

Phenol, the starting material for the aspirin synthesis, is a petroleum product, like most of the starting materials used In large quantities In Industrial syntheses. A shortage of petroleum reserves thus affects the availability not only of fuels for transportation, but also of raw materials needed for most chemical synthesis. 

In the future, more transparency is needed with regard to the evaluation carried out by the Commission. For both old and new Member States, the evaluation criteria for the total quantity need to be more evident. There will always be Member States who consider the reduction of emissions a greater priority than others. If these Member States cannot be sure that other Member States with other priorities will not be permitted to interpret the Directive broadly when setting the total amount, they will think twice about endangering the competitiveness of their industry by ambitious allocations. (And let s not forget that industry pressure for more allowances can only be expected to be stronger and more effective after the lessons of the first allocation process.)... 

The enzymatic synthesis of enantiopure cyanohydrins has been brought to a high stage of development. Both (R)- and (S)-cyanohydrins are accessible for a broad variety of substrates in as a rule excellent yield and enantiopurity. Following recent progress in overexpression, HNLs are also available in quantities needed for industrial production. The procedures for safe handling of cyanides are well established so that they do not restrict the exploitation of HNLs. 

The increased demand for most metals, oU, natural gas, coal, and other raw materials such as sand and gravel is likely to continue indefinitely. Construction materials such as sand, gravel, and limestone, which are used in large quantities, need to be sourced close to where they will be used because of the high cost of transporting them. Most metals are used in smaller quantities, and they can be shipped economically from sites around the world to where they will be used. In industrial societies such as the United States, the amount of money spent on industrial minerals is much greater than that spent on the metals. 

In order to obtain sufficient CK for chemical munitions, the CWS had to erect a plant. Before the war the only plant in the countr) was owned by the American Cyanamid Co. at Warners, N.Y. This plant produced sufficient cyanogen chloride for industry , but could not turn out the large quantity needed for chemical warfare. In October 1S)43 the War Department approved the construction of a CWS plant with a capacity of fifteen tons, later increased to sixty tons, per day. The Chemical Construction Co. broke ground for the "Owl plant, as it was called, on 27 November at a site adjacent to the American Cyanamid Co. s hydrogen cyanide plant at Azusa, Calif. This location thus assured the "Owl plant with the hydrogen cyanide needed in the process. American Cyanamid, which operated the plant under contract, started the first unit in April 1944. 

Scale-Up Principles. Key factors affecting scale-up of reactor performance are nature of reaction zones, specific reaction rates, and mass- and heat-transport rates to and from reaction sites. Where considerable uncertainties exist or large quantities of products are needed for market evaluations, intermediate-sized demonstration units between pilot and industrial plants are usehil. Matching overall fluid flow characteristics within the reactor might determine the operative criteria. Ideally, the smaller reactor acts as a volume segment of the larger one. Elow distributions are not markedly influenced by... 

Abundant supplies of fresh water are essential to the development of industry. Enormous quantities are required for the cooling of products and equipment, for process needs, for boiler feed, and for sanitary and potable water supply. 

In industry and academia the need often arises to isolate portions of a polymer sample, whether it be to separate low molecular weight material from a sample or to actually fractionate the polymer across its molecular weight distribution. If gram quantities of isolated polymer are needed, true preparative chromatography equipment and techniques are usually necessary. 

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