Qualitative diagnosis

Perhaps the most useful aspect of CV is its application to the qualitative diagnosis of electrode reactions that are coupled to homogeneous chemical reactions [37,41-44]. The forte of CV is its ability to generate a species during one scan and then probe its fate with subsequent scans. Examples of CV usage in unraveling electrode mechanisms are presented in Chapters 21 and 23. 

Mechanistic Diagnosis of Cation Radical Cycloadditions Qualitative diagnosis... 

Bond Graph Model-Based Qualitative Diagnosis... 

Qualitative Diagnosis Through Temporal Causal Graphs... 

The most useful aspect of this technique is its application to the qualitative diagnosis of electrode reactions, such as voltammetry of a redox couple (e.g., ferro-/ferricyanide or Fe /Fe in aqueous solution) or cyclic voltammetry of a redox system. A typical cyclic voltammogram recorded for Fe /Fe in aqueous solution presenting a reversible single electrode transfer reaction is shown below in Fig. 2. The solution contains only a single electrochemical reactant. 

The most useful aspect of this technique is its application to the qualitative diagnosis of electrode reactions, such as voltammetry of a redox... 

This section describes several plotting techniques that have been developed to bring out certain features of the viscoelastic data measured using oscillatory shear. They involve plotting one material function versus another, for example rf versus rf. There is no theoretical basis for this type of plot, and they are used mainly in the detection of time-temperature superposability or structural features. In such a representation the dependence on frequency is lost. These plotting techniques are useftjl for qualitative diagnosis but should not be used as the basis for definitive, quantitative conclusions. 

The diagnosis of PK deficiency depends on the determination of quantitative enzyme activity or qualitative abnormalities of the enzyme. In 1979, the International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) established methods for the biochemical characterization of red blood cell PK variants (M22). Since the establishment of these methods, many PK-deficient cases have been characterized, including 13 cases of homozygous PK deficiency. Residual red blood cell PK activity is not usually associated with phenotypic severity,whereas enzymatic characteristics such as decreased substrate affinity, thermal instability, or impaired response to the allosteric activator fructose-1,6-diphosphate (F-1,6-DP) correspond to a more severe phenotype. 

The advent of personalized therapies that are dependent on the outcome of an immunohistochemical stain has increased the need for quantitative positive controls. When IHC was first introduced as an adjunct in surgical pathology diagnosis, the interpretation was largely qualitative. Specific markers were present or absent, thereby characterizing a tumor cell s lineage. The fact that IHC interpretation was qualitative, rather than semiquantitative, minimized... 

An important condition to be fulfilled in order to use the method for detection of sweat formation and its composition is that the electrodes are elec-trolytically in contact with each other. This is not a strict condition for urine detection and as an early-warning system for diabetes, because in these applications a qualitative detection is enough, and therefore one can start with dry electrodes. For diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, this is not possible because here a quantitative detection of salt concentration is expected. Therefore, one needs to start from a system with electrodes that are elec-trolytically in contact with each other right from the start of the experiment. For this purpose, water is immobilised in high-density cotton in which the conductive stainless-steel yarn electrodes are implemented. 

Model-based approaches to fault diagnosis can be divided into qualitative methods [51] and quantitative methods [35, 36],... 

RM. Frank. Analytical and qualitative model-based fault diagnosis—a survey and some new results. European Journal of Control, 2 6-28, 1996. 

V. Venkatasubramanian, R. Rengaswamy, and S.N. Kavuri. A review of process fault detection and diagnosis part II Qualitative models and search strategies quantitative model-based methods. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 27 313-326, 2003. 

There has been much interest in the analysis of nucleosides, nucleotides, and modified nucleosides. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of these compounds in biological fluids provides valuable information for the diagnosis of diseases and metabolic disorders. Several reports indicate that CEC is very suited for these types of analyses, as faster and more efficient separation methods are demonstrated. 

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