Quail

In Ih e quail tiiin mechanical description of dipole moment, the charge is a continuous distribution that is a I linction of r. and the dipole moment man average over the wave function of the dipole moment operator, p ... 

The back end is the conipoiicii 1 oT IlypcrChcm LhaL performs the more Lime-ccm siiming sclen Lific calculation s. This is where molecular mechanical and quail Lit m mechanical calculations are performed. The back end can be thought of as the compii laLion al chemistry component of HyperChem. ... 

Quail titles, wli ich arc selected from lh e. Averages On ly coluiii n and added to the. Avg. graph column, will he written out and averaged, as described above, but will also be plotted on th e tn olccti lar dyu am ics graph. fo in spect the com pii ted average value, select th e quantity so that the outline appears around it and the average is displayed beside Value. 

Acute avian oral toxicity (LD q) in bobwhite quail or mallard duck... 

Acute avian dietary toxicity (LC q) in bobwhite quail... 

Methylene-5,5-disahcyhc acid is produced by heating two parts sahcyhc acid with 1—1.5 parts of 30—40 wt % formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst (33). The resulting product is a mixture of isomers, primarily the 5,5 -isomer and small amounts of low molecular weight polymers. It is used as an intermediate in the production of bacitracin methylenedisahcylate, which is used in a feed supplement to promote growth and as a medicament in swine, feedlot catde, as well as chickens, turkeys, pheasants, and quail. 

In the United States, 100 times more bacitracin by weight is used as a feed additive than for human medicine. Most of this is BMD but some is the zinc salt. BMD can be used in subtherapeutic nutritional dosages for increase in feed efficiency and for growth promotion in poultry, swine, and feedlot cattie at concentrations of 2.6—33 g/t of feed (78,81,82). Prophylactic or therapeutic medicinal dosing at higher concentrations is used for necrotic enteritis in chickens, transmissable enteritis in turkeys, ulcerative enteritis in quail, dysentery in swine, and Hver abcess in cattie (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Hexamitosis is a disease of chickens, turkeys, quail, and pheasants in which there is an infectious catarrhal enteritis in the duodenum and small intestine. 

Solecki R, Faqi AS, Pfeil R, et al. 1996. Effects of methyl parathion on reproduction in the Japanese quail. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57 902-908. 

Microsomes are widely used to study the metabolism of xenobiotics. Enzymes can be chararacterized on the basis of their requirement for cofactors (e.g., NADPH, UDPGA), and their response to inhibitors. Kinetic studies can be carried out, and kinetic constants determined. They are very useful in studies of comparative metabolism, where many species not available for in vivo experiment can be compared with widely investigated laboratory species such as rats, mice, feral pigeon, Japanese quail, and rainbow trout. 

In a study of metabolism of 14C-flocoumafen by the Japanese quail (Huckle et al. 1989), biotransformation was extensive and rapid, with eight metabolites detected in excreta. The elimination of radioactivity from the liver of Japanese quail was biphasic (Figure 11.2). After an initial period of rapid elimination, there followed a... 

FIGURE 11.2 Loss of flocoumafen residues from quail liver. Depletion of radioactivity from Japanese quail after a single oral dose (14 mg/kg). Data are presented as microgram equivalents of/per gram of tissue and are mean values of two animals. Data collected at day 7 and day 12 were from four animals and three animals, respectively (from Huckle et al. 1989). 

Brealey, C.J. (1980). Comparative Metabolism of Pirimiphos-methyl in Rat and Japanese Quail. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Reading, UK. 

Toropov AA, Benfenati E (2007) Optimisation of correlation weights of SMILES invariants for modelling oral quad toxicity. Eur J Med Chem 42(5) 606-613 Toropov AA, Benfenati E (2006) QSAR models of quail dietary toxicity based on the graph of atomic orbitals. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 16(7) 1941-1943... 

Acetylcholinesterase Plasma Cotumix quail Yes Decreased Dieter and... 

Serum cholesterol Serum Quail Yes Decreased Leonzio and Monaci (1996)... 

Dieter MP, Ludke JL. 1975. Studies on the combined effects of organophosphates and heavy metals in birds. I. Plasma and brain cholinesterase in Cotumix quail fed methyl mercury and orally dosed with parathion. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 13 257-262. 

Thaxton JP, Parkhurst CR. 1973. Abnormal mating behavior and reproductive dysfunction caused by mercury in Japanese quail. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 144 252-255. 

Aulerich RJ, Coleman TH, Polin D, et al. 1979. Toxicology study of diisopropyl methylphosphonate and dicyclopentadiene in mallard ducks, bobwhite quail, and mink. East Lansing, MI Michigan State University, Department of Poultry Science. NTIS No. AD-A087-257. 

Xanthophylls can further inhibit the peroxidation of membrane phospholipids (Lim et al. 1992) and reduce photooxidation of lipofuscin fluorophores (Kim et al. 2006), which are implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD (Sparrow and Boulton 2005). Furthermore, it was shown that light-induced damage to photoreceptors was reduced in quails fed zeaxanthin, with the number of apoptotic photoreceptor cells being inversely related to the concentration of zeaxanthin in the retina (Thomson et al. 2002). 

Thomson, L. R., Y. Toyoda et al. (2002). Elevated retinal zeaxanthin and prevention of light-induced photoreceptor cell death in quail. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43(11) 3538-3549. 

Fig. 13a, b. Biomimetic actuators using electric field-responsive gels a robot hand having four smart gel fingers which can hold a quail egg, and b artificial fish with a tail of gel film which can swim under ac electric fields... 

Stewart PA, Wiley MJ. Developing nervous tissue induces formation of blood-brain barrier characteristics in invading endothelial cells a study using quail-chick transplantation chimeras. Dev Biol 1981 84 183-192. 

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