Pyrolysis derivatives

The quality of the product is of primary importance in developing a recycling technology converting plastics into fuels by pyrolysis. Today the characterization of a liquid fuel from any sources is obviously based on the qualification methods and standards of fuels from mineral oil. The properties of the pyrolysis-derived fuels from plastics are expected to be similar to conventional fuels (energy content, viscosity, density, octane and cetane number, flash-point, etc.). However, in addition to the familiar ranking values it is necessary to know more about the chemical composition of the plastic pyrolysis oil, because of the peculiarities as follows ... 

Hydrotreating of pyrolysis-derived fuels is particularly desirable as a means of saturating olefinic end groups (i.e. unsaturation) and for the reduction of sulphur levels to meet... 

Jasas, G. Kasl er, J. and Trauth, R., "Gas Turbine Demonstration of Pyrolysis-Derived Fuels", Technical Report, DDE/ET/3333-T2, Report No. 1901, June 1983,... 

ChaUinor, J. M., A pyrolysis-derivation -gas chromatography technique for the structural elucidation of some synthetic pol3miers, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 16, 323-333, 1989. 

Polymer Pyrolysis Derived SiC Fibers (PP-fibers) As shown 1976 by Yajima [54], pSiC fibers with a smaller diameter (8-30 pm) and without a central core can be manufactured by solid state pyrolysis of a polycarbosilane (PCS) precursor fiber. The melt-spun PCS fiber is first cured at 200°C in air to produce a thin layer to protect from melting later on, then heated up in inert atmosphere to 1500°C to convert the PCS in crystalline pSiC. The steps leading to the production of SiC can be summarized as follows ... 

Polymer Pyrolysis-Derived Silicon Carbide Fibers (PP-Fibers) As shown in 1976 by Yajima [76], P-SiC fibers with a smaller diameter (8-30 pm) and without a central core can be manufactured by the solid-state pyrolysis of a PCS precursor fiber. 

Sagehashi, M., Nomura, T., Shishido, H., Sakoda, A. (2007). Separation of phenols and furfural by pervaporation and reverse osmosis membranes from biomass — superheated steam pyrolysis-derived aqueous solution. Bioresource Technology, 98, 2018—2026. 

Pyrolysis techniques for thermally degrading polymers have high sensitivity, allow trace analysis of all organics in liquid or solid state, require minimal sample preparation and small amounts of sample, and allow simultaneous identification and quantification in one run. However, they may have limited reproducibility and limited applicability where inorganic fillers are present (54). There have been various types of pre- and post-pyrolysis derivations done to simplify analysis by GC separation and reduce interferences from surrounding materials (55). 

A poly(aminoborazine), precursor for hexagonal boron nitride obtained by reaction of borazine B3N3H6 with ammonia, and its pyrolysis derivatives have been extensively characterised by and B MAS NMR. ... 

The specific mechanisms controlling the isotopic signatures of individual pyrogenic PAHs are only partly understood (O Malley, 1994 Currie et al., 1999). It is expected that the pyrolysis of isotopically distinct precursor materials would result in PAHs with different isotopic signatures. Due to the nature of PAH formation pathways discussed earlier in this chapter, the 6 C of pyrolysis-derived compounds may be dictated by a series of primary and secondary reactions that precursor and intermediate compounds undergo... 

Ikura, M., Stanciulescu, M., Hogan, E. Emulsification of pyrolysis derived bio-oil in diesel fuel. Biomass Bioenerg 2003,24,221-232. 

When using the type of TGA programme given in Section 6.2.1, enough data have been generated using standard materials to enable some qualitative identification to be made from the pyrolysis derivative peak maximum. For example, the following temperature-polymers matches have been made for some polymer rubbers and plastics (see Table 6.3). 

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