2-Pyridine aldoxime

Engelhard, N., and Erdmann, W.D. Bezlehangen zwischen chemischer Struktur und Cholinesterase reaktivierender Wirksamkeit bei einen Reihe neuer bis-quartarer Pyridin-4-aldoxime. Arznem. Forsch. 14 870-875, 1964. 

Pyridine-4-aldoxime bis-Chloromethyl ether a,a-Dichloro-dimethyl-ether... 

Into a boiling agitated solution of 2.44 g pyridine-4-aldoxime in 10 ml absolute ethanol is added dropwise during the course of 25 min a solution of 1.14 g bis-chloromethyl ether in 5 ml absolute ethanol. The reaction mixture is then refluxed for 35 min, and then agitated for 5 h at room temperature. The precipitate of bis-[4-hydroxyimino-methyl-pyridinium-(l)-methyl]-ether-... 

Figure 19 Distorted two-dimensional (4,4) network in nms-[Ni(L)4(OH2)2]Br2 2L (L = pyridine-4-aldoxime), propagated by oxime-oxime O-H O hydrogen bonds (cf. IX) [27c], Not shown are bromide anions and pyridine-4-aldoxime guest molecules, which are hydrogen-bonded to the 2D framework. Ni Ni separations are 16.3 A. Oxygen, nitrogen and key hydrogen atoms are shaded.

The electrochemistry of the azomethine derivatives, such as oximes, Schiff bases, and hydrazones is mostly similar to that of the analogous carbocyclic compounds however, the base produced during the reduction of pyridine-4-aldoxime in DMF deprotonates the oxime [435] rather than produce the nitrile as is found for benzaldoxime. Chapter 11. Possibly the higher acidity of pyridine-4-aldoxime compared to benzaldoxime can explain the difference. 

N, N trimethylene bis (pyridine-4-aldoxime bromide) combined with benzactyzine... 

Isopropyl methylphosphonochloridate added dropwise with stirring below 25° to a cooled soln. of pyridine-4-aldoxime and triethylamine in abs. ether, and allowed to stand overnight 0-(isopropylmethylphosphono)pyridine-4-aldo-xime. Y 97%. B. E. Hackley, Jr., and Omer O. Owens, J. Org. Ghem. 24, 1120 (1959). 

Aminopyridine Pyridine-4-aldoxime Pyridine-4-aldoximate " l-Benzylpyridinium-4-aldoxime (31) l-Phenylacylpyridinium-4-aldoxime (32) Benzoquinonediiniine-Fe(CN)5 (33)... 

Reactivators of phosphorylated ChE. Pyridine aldoxime methiodide (PAM) and related compounds are the best known. They reactivate the phosphorylated enzyme so long as aging has not occurred. They do not, however, reactivate the aged enzyme. ChE which has been phosphorylated by certain nerve gases ages rapidly ... 

A significant disadvantage of the 1st and 2nd generation ChR created on the basis of pyridine aldoximes is their own, relatively high toxicity (DL50 amounts to 146-250 mg/kg, i.m.) as well as low stability in aqueous solutions. 

Irreversible anticholinesterases include the organophosphorus inhibitors and ambenonium, which irreversibly phosphorylate the esteratic site. Such drugs have few clinical uses but have been developed as insecticides and nerve gases. Besides blocking the muscarinic receptors with atropine sulphate in an attempt to reduce the toxic effects that result from an accumulation of acetylcholine, the only specific treatment for organopho-sphate poisoning would appear to be the administration of 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide, which increases the rate of dissociation of the organophosphate from the esteratic site on the enzyme surface. 

Kinetic parameters k, often also and AS, occasionally AV ) for formation and dissociation of several pentacyanoferrate(II) complexes [Fe(CN)5L]" have been established. Ligands L include several S- and A-donor heterocycles,4-methyl- and 4-amino-pyridines, a series of alkylamines, 3- and 4-hydroxy- and 3- and 4-methoxy-pyridines, several amino acids, nicotinamide, " 4-pyridine aldoxime, 3-Me and 3-Ph sydnones, several bis-pyridine ligands,neutral, protonated, and methylated 4,4 -bipyridyl, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane and traTO-l,2-bis0-pyridyl)ethene, pyrazine- 4,4 -bipyridyl- and bis(4-pyridyl)ethyne-pentaammine-cobalt(III), edta-ruthenium(III), and pentaammineruthenium-(II)and-(III) complexes of... 

The therapeutic efficacy of diverse mono and bis-quaternary pyridine aldoximes as antidotes against OP poisoning has been established in hundreds of publications, and three of them, 2-PAM (38), toxogonin (40) and HI-6 (41), are available in autoinjectors for post-exposure self-treatment or treatment by medical staff. For further information on the clinical use and potential side effects of these oximes the reader is referred to the reviews of Kassa, Eyer and of Marrs and colleagues . ... 

Fleisher, J.H., Howard, J.W., and Corrigan, J.P. Effect of pyridine aldoximes on response of frog rectus muscle to acetylcholine. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 13 288-290, 1958. 

Hobbiger, F., and Sadler, P.W. Protection against lethal organosphosphate poisoning by quaternary pyridine aldoximes. 

Sidell, F.R., Groff, W.A., and Ellin, R.I. Blood levels of oxime and symptoms in humans after single and mutliple oral doses of 2-pyridine aldoxime methochloride. J. Pharm. Scl. 58 1093-1098, 1969. 

Jr. Cardiovascular effects of 2-pyridine aldoxime methyl-chloride (pralidoxlme and blood pressure). Arch. Int. 

At about the same time, hydroxamic adds and oximes were found to react directly with organophosphorus compounds.85 2-PAM I was found to react In vitro with sarin with marked deviation from first-order kinetics that suggested that the reaction actually consists of (at least) two sequential reactions. Green showed that quatemlzed pyridine aldoximes react with an organophosphorus (OP) compound In three steps ... 

Green, A.L. 1957. The reaction of quatemised pyridine aldoximes with nerve gases. PTP 606. 

Schuchter, A., Kawel, H.G., Schneider, J.A. 1960. Kombinierte Behandlung einer Vergiftung durch Diathyl-p-nitrophenyl-thiophosphat mlt Pyridin-aldoxim-(2)-methojodid und Atropin. Arzneim. -Forsch. 10 399. 

Treatment for Parathion poisoning has been improved by the availability of the oxime 2-PAM (2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide) (ref. 

An alternative to solid-supported catalysts are catalysts that are insoluble themselves [136]. A pyridine-aldoxime ligand was presented and evaluated in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction using water as a solvent. Using an Irori kan to contain the polymeric catalyst, the reaction could be repeated 14 times without any noticeable reduction in efficiency. The optimized reaction conditions were then used to create a small library of approximately 30 biaryl compounds using aryl iodides, bromides, triflates as well as an activated chloride (Scheme 56) [136]. 

Scheme 56 Suzuki-Miyaura couplings with an insoluble pyridine-aldoxime catalyst...

Synonyms. 2-PAM Chloride 2-PAMCl Pyraloxime Chloride 2-Pyridine Aldoxime Methochloride. 

Synonyms. PAM P-2-AM 2-PAM Iodide 2-PAMI Pamium Pyraloxime Iodide 2-Pyridine Aldoxime Methiodide. 

Synonyms. 2-PAMM Pralidoxime Methanesulphonate P2S 2-Pyridine Aldoxime Methyl Mesylate. 

Pyridine aldoxime methiodide, 915 Pyridine aldoxime methochloride, 915 Pyridine aldoxime methyl mesylate, 915 Pyridinecarboxamide, 807 Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 808 Pyridinemethanol, 809... 

The standard treatment of nerve agent-induced muscle toxicity calls for (1) reactivation of the phosphorylated AChE with an oxime, and (2) blockage of the nicotinic ACh receptor sites from the stimulating action of ACh with fii-tubocurarine. Oximes such as obidoxime, pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methochloride, 2-PAM) and a few others have been found very effective when given in combination with other drugs such as atropine, pretreatment with oximes varies with the ehemieal structures of the nerve agents and depends on the time after exposure. For example, it has been... 

IME IODIDE PRALIDOXEVIE METHIODIDE PROTOPAM IODIDE 2-PYRIDINALDOXIM METHOJODID (GERMAN) PYRIDIN-2-ALDOXIN (CZECH) 2-PYRIDINE ALDOXIME lODOMETHYLATE PYRIDINE-2-ALX)OXIME METHIODIDE PYRIDINE-2-ALDOXIME METHYL IODIDE... 

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