Pyrene strain

FAHEY J W, HARISTOY X, DOLAN P M, KENSLER T W, SCHOLTUS I, STEPHENSON K K, TALALAY p and LOZNIEWSKI a (2002) Sulforaphane inhibits extracellular, intracellular and antibiotic-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori and prevents benzo[a]pyrene-induced stomach tumors , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99 7610-15. 

Krivobok S, S Kuony, C Meyer, M Louwagie, JC Wilson, Y Jouanneau (2003) Identification of pyrene-induced proteins m Mycobacterium sp. strain 6PY1 evidence for two ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases. 

Schneider J,RGrosser,KJayasimhulu,WXue,DWarshawsky(1996)Degradationofpyrene,benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene by Mycobacterium sp. strain RGHll-135, isolated from a former coal gasification site. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 13-19. 

Bouchez M, D Blanchet, J-P Vandecasteele (1997) An interfacial uptake mechanism for the degradation of pyrene by a Rhodococcus strain. Microbiology (UK) 143 1087-1093. 

Kanaly R A, S Harayama, KWatanabe(2002)R/joda o6acfersp. strain BPCl inabenzo[a]pyrene-mineralizing bacterial consortium. Appl Environ Microbiol 68 5826-5833. 

Lange B, S Kremer, O Sterner, A Anke (1994) Pyrene metabolism in Crinipellis stipitaria identification of fran5-4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxypyrene and 1-pyrenylsulfate in strain KJ364. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 3602-3607. 

Vila J, Z Lopez, J Sabate, C Minguillon, AM Solanasm, M Grifoll (2001) Identification of a novel metabolite in the degradation of pyrene by Mycobacterium sp. strain API actions of the isolate on two- and three-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 5497-5505. 

It is worth drawing attention to the significance of other issues. In natural ecosystans, other microorganisms including bacteria are almost always present and it has been shown that, in experiments using [7,10- C]benzo[a]pyrene, incubation for 215 d mth Bjerkandera sp. strain BOS55 alone resulted in the formation of 13.5% C02 and 61% of labeled metabolites in the... 

Kotterman Mil, EH Vis, JA Field (1998) Successive mineralization and detoxification of benzo[a]pyrene by the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera sp strain BOS55 and indigenous microflora. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 2853-2858. 

Compared to the extensive data that have been obtained on the mutagenicity of nitro PAHs in S. typhimurium, relatively little is known about the metabolism of these compounds in this organism. Messier et al. (67) reported that incubation of 1-nitropyrene with S. typhimurium TA98 yielded 1-aminopyrene and 1-acetylaminopyrene as major and minor metabolites, respectively. The reduction of 1-nitropyrene was slow and was accompanied by a slow formation of DNA adducts. When incubations were conducted with the nitroreductase-deficient strain, TA100 F50, both the extent of 1-amino-pyrene formation and DNA binding decreased. Howard ej al. (71,115) also found reduction of 1-nitropyrene to 1-aminopyrene in strains TA98, TA1538 and ATCC 14028. 

Willumsen and Karlson [125] screened 57 PAH-degrading bacteria isolated from PAH-contaminated soil for the production of biosurfactant compounds. The majority of the strains isolated on phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene were better emulsifiers than surface-tension reducers, and the stability of the... 

FIGURE 8.11 Penicillin and the reactive metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene are also reactive because of ring strain. 

Salicylate also greatly enhanced initial rates of removal of fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[a]pyrene, HMW PAH substrates which strain P15 did not use for growth. 

Sack et al. (1997) reported that pyrene was degraded by an Aspergillus niger strain isolated from a mineral oil-contaminated soil in La Plata, Argentina. The major metabolite was identified via GC/MS as 1-methoxypyrene. 1-Pyrenol was identified as a minor metabolite. 

Members of another class of powerful direct mutagens, four nitroazabenzo[a]pyrene derivatives, were identified by Sera and co-workers (1994) in the basic fraction of extracts of diesel exhaust and in ambient POM. Structures and direct mutagenic activities on strains TA98 and YG1024 (-S9 mix) of the 1- and 3-nitro-6-azabenzo[a]pyrenes and the 1- and 3-nitro-6-azabenzo[a]pyrene-7V-oxides are shown in Table 10.21 (Sera et al., 1992 Fukuhara et al., 1992). They have been measured in ambient air in Fukuoka, Japan, at concentrations of 1.1, 1.2, 0.8, and 0.3 ng/g, respec-... 

Another powerful direct mutagen identified in ambient particulate matter collected in Santiago, Chile, is 3,6-dinitrobenzo[a]pyrene. Although its concentration is low (0.002 ng m-3 of air), its specific direct activities on strains TA98 and YG1024 ( —S9 mix) are high, 400,000 and 4,800,00 rev /rg-1, respectively (Sera et al, 1991). For a discussion of polar forms of BaP in ambient particles, see Ismail et al. (1998). 

Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP, XXVIII) is a powerful human cell mutagen in strain hlAlv2, 7 times more potent than BaP (Durant et al., 1996 Hannigan et al., 1998), and a strong promutagen in both the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (Eisenstadt and Gold, 1978) and the Salmonella typhimurium strain TM677 forward mutation assay (Kaden et al.., 1979) ... 

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