Purchase-activated manufacturing

The estimated production capacity of activated carbon in the United States is shown in Table 3 for seven manufacturers (41). The principal producers are Calgon Carbon (37%), American-Norit (26%), Westvaco (19%), and Atochem (10%). Several other companies purchase activated carbon for resale but do not manufacture products. 

It should be noted that a number of different enzyme preparations can now be purchased directly from manufacturing chemists. It must be emphasised that the activity of an enzyme, whether purchased or prepared in the laboratory, may vary between rather wide limits. The activity is dependent on the source of the enzyme, the presence of poisons and also on the temperature. It appears, for example, that the quality of horseradish peroxidase depends upon the season of the year at which the root is obtained from the ground. It cannot be expected therefore that all the experiments described below will work always with the precision characteristic of an organic reaction proceeding under accurately known conditions. 

The term quality activities is not defined in ISO 8402 and while it may seem obvious it can create confusion. If we list all the activities which can affect quality, we could say that these are all quality activities. But many of these are also design, purchasing, manufacturing, and installing activities. Can they also be quality activities Quality activities are not restricted to the activities of the quality department or other similar departments. The only clue in the standard as to what quality activities are is in clause 4.1.2.1 where it requires the responsibility of all personnel who manage, perform, and verify work affecting quality to be defined. So a quality activity is any activity that affects the ability of a product or service to satisfy stated or implied needs. 

Inspection is also an important activity in the regulation of international trade through the certification of vehicles and containers used for transporting hazardous products and for providing foreign purchasers with evidence that manufactured goods comply with specification before they leave the country of origin. The essential characteristics of and requirements for an inspection authority are ... 

In this chapter, we focus on strategies, tools and metrics that help chemical choosers to green their chemical product inventories and to benchmark progress. The term chemical chooser applies to those who purchase chemicals for use in the development of formulated products or those who purchase formulated chemical products for use in their use in activities such as maintenance, repair and operations. Most product manufacturers are chemical and material choosers in contrast to chemical or raw material manufacturers who process, synthesize and supply chemicals as raw materials. 

The receipt of the test substance should be documented upon arrival at the test site. The name of the product, manufacturer, active ingredient concentration, expiration date, storage location, storage requirements, lot or batch number, the amount received, the condition at receipt, and whether the material is an emulsifiable concentrate (EC), fiowable, powder or otherwise should be noted in the research notebook. In addition, one should note the purchase date, the shipment date, and the carrier of the product. 

Standardization is the process by which all batches of a dietary supplement produced by a single manufacturer contain the same amount of active ingredient ) [29]. FDA does not require dietary supplements to be standardized. Consumers cannot be certain of the quality of a dietary supplement when purchased. Uncertainties include whether the herb s active ingredients are in the product, whether the ingredients are bioavailable, whether the dose is appropriate, and whether each batch contains the same components in the same quantity. Each dietary supplement may vary depending on the manufacturer, and therefore switching brands of a particular supplement is not advisable. 

A larger number of companies are active in the LEP area. DuPont s purchase of Uniax and its technology gave them the necessary intellectual property to marry with their expertise in plastic substrates. Their aim is to produce devices on thin flexible substrates such as nylon and PET etc. that, they believe, will bring a manufacturing cost advantage over low MW materials. It is collaborating with Phillips who has a production scale unit in Holland for small alphanumeric displays suitable for watches and mobile phones. 

When both injurers and victims care and activity levels affect damages but the victims do not purchase products from the injurers, as in cases of damages to cyclists from automobiles, no liability rule is optimal (ShaveU 1987, 29). In contrast, if cyclists suffer damages as a result of defective bike manufacturing, strict UabUity induces bike prices to reflect aggregate damages. 

Since 1970, the date, shift, manufacturer and product name have been printed in code on the cartridge of cap-sensitive high expls. The manufacturer keeps records, by that day-shift code, and can tell to whom each batch of material was sold. Distributors also are required to keep records of sale. It is thus possible, from the date-shift code, to compile a list of last legal purchasers of expls from a lot with the same date-shift code. BATF maintains a National Explosives Tracing Center, whose function is to coordinate this activity. A typical trace would start with the recovery of an undetonated bomb. This code would be telephoned to the tracing center which would forward the information to the manufacturer, who would provide a list of consumers or distributors. If expls from that lot were sold to a distributor or distributors, they would be contacted for a list of retail purchasers... 

The assessment of material quality normally starts with comparing a material s attributes to the specifications established by the purchasing company. Once the material satisfies established specifications, efforts are made to assess the stability of the product or intermediate manufactured with the material. Typically the determination of raw material process stability is made during the product development activities. Once a vendor or vendors have been selected, three distinct vendor lots of a given raw material will be purchased. Development batches of the product are then produced using these lots, and samples from the three batches are placed on stability. The thought is that if the materials from the three lots result in product with suitable stability profiles, the raw... 

High purity hydrogen (99.995% according to manufacturer s specifications) was supplied by the Matheson Gas Products Company in 3500 psig cylinders. Phenanthrene, 98+% purity, melting point 99-101°C, was purchased from the Aldrich Chemical Company. The chromia-alumina catalyst, designated CR-0103-T,was supplied by the Harshaw Chemical Company in the form of 1/8 inch tablets. According to the manufacturer, the catalyst contains 12% C Og on activated alumina, the surface area is 63 m /gm, and the pore volume is 0.35 cc/gm. 

The members and their deputies are assigned by the CSV Executive Committee. For ad hoc activities, the team can be complemented with representatives from departments performing activities that support computer validation. Examples of such departments are Purchasing, IT, QA Validation, QA Compliance, Operations, R D, Engineering, and representatives from each manufacturing facility concerned. 

In fact, all managers except for the head of manufacturing, when designing their organization, had to make sure they reduced their combined headcount costs by approximately ten percent, and the purchasing task force (30 percent of the synergies) had the task of capturing several quick wins as soon as the deal was approved. In parallel, a profit improvement plan for the films activity was launched. 

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