Pulsed excluded

The first of them to determine the LMA quantitatively and the second - the LF qualitatively Of course, limit of sensitivity of the LF channel depends on the rope type and on its state very close because the LF are detected by signal pulses exceeding over a noise level. The level is less for new ropes (especially for the locked coil ropes) than for multi-strand ropes used (especially for the ropes corroded). Even if a skilled and experienced operator interprets a record, this cannot exclude possible errors completely because of the evaluation subjectivity. Moreover it takes a lot of time for the interpretation. Some of flaw detector producers understand the problem and are intended to develop new instruments using data processing by a computer [6]. 

There are two common occasions when rapid measurement is preferable. The first is with ionization sources using laser desorption or radionuclides. A pulse of ions is produced in a very short interval of time, often of the order of a few nanoseconds. If the mass spectrometer takes 1 sec to attempt to scan the range of ions produced, then clearly there will be no ions left by the time the scan has completed more than a few nanoseconds (ion traps excluded). If a point ion detector were to be used for this type of pulsed ionization, then after the beginning of the scan no more ions would reach the collector because there would not be any left The array collector overcomes this difficulty by detecting the ions produced all at the same instant. 

The discriminator excludes passage of pulses that are less than a predetermined level. The function of the discriminator is to exclude noise and gamma pulses that are lower in magnitude than neutron pulses. 

The discriminator excludes passage of pulses that are less than a predetermined level. 

Tseng et al. [69] determined 60cobalt in seawater by successive extractions with tris(pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) bismuth (III) and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and back-extraction with bismuth (III). Filtered seawater adjusted to pH 1.0-1.5 was extracted with chloroform and 0.01 M tris(pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) bismuth (III) to remove certain metallic contaminants. The aqueous residue was adjusted to pH 4.5 and re-extracted with chloroform and 2% ammonium pyrrolidine thiocarbamate, to remove cobalt. Back-extraction with bismuth (III) solution removed further trace elements. The organic phase was dried under infrared and counted in a ger-manium/lithium detector coupled to a 4096 channel pulse height analyser. Indicated recovery was 96%, and the analysis time excluding counting was 50-min per sample. 

In FFC relaxometry, the most conspicuous pulser-controlled device (apart from the RF excitation channel) is the magnet system. In other words, we generate Bq field pulses of considerable amplitude, often switching the magnet field between zero and a maximum value of over 1 T, and we rigorously synchronize such Bq pulses with the RF signal-excitation and/or preparation pulses. This, moreover, does not exclude the possibility to control other devices as well. 

The activity of an oxide catalyst in the absence of gas phase oxygen provides direct evidence that lattice oxygen can perform the selective oxidation process, although it does not exclude the possibility that, in the presence of gas phase oxygen, other forms of oxygen also participate in some stage of the reaction. Pulse experiments are the most suitable for this purpose, because rapid catalyst reduction is then avoided. As pulse experiments have been amply reviewed in Sect. 2, only the conclusions will be discussed here. 

The activity of oxide catalysts in general declines as reduction proceeds. Characteristic of the processes that involve lattice oxygen is that the initial activity (i.e. that measured by the first pulse) approaches that in the presence of oxygen, while the selectivity is either identical in the presence or absence of oxygen, or higher in the latter case, because side reactions due to adsorbed oxygen are excluded. The rate at which the activity falls during reduction is dependent on both the nature of the catalyst and on the process studied. After a certain initial activity decrease, often a lower, but rather constant, activity level is reached. 

The mechanism presented here is somewhat at variance with that proposed by the authors (Yamamoto et al. 1995) who suggested that the /BuOI I-derived radical adds to the primarily formed electron-adduct radical. Since this has been shown above to have only a very short lifetime, it will not be capable of undergoing bimolecular recombination reactions. An isomerization of C(8)-H -adduct [reaction (183)] followed by an addition of the tert-butanol-derived radical and water elimination [reactions (184) and (185)] is not in conflict with the above pulse radiolysis results [note that the tautomerization reaction (183) cannot be excluded on the basis of the pulse radiolysis data]. 

To emulate the operation of the FeRAM cell of the integrated circuit the measurement setup has to generate pulses of both polarities. The Shunt method as it is described in Section 3.2.2 is useful to exclude the influence of the sense capacitor and to reach high speed. 

In reality the situation is more complex because, not only is blood non-Newtonian but blood vessels are neither straight nor rigid, the flow is pulsed rather than steady, and as the tubing diameter decreases, at some point red blood cells begin to be excluded and the viscosity approaches that of plasma alone [415],... 

In the absence of bulk recombination, N = P remains finite as t — oo. Coming to the limit No —> 0, one can exclude the bulk recombination and define the free-ion quantum yield as the ratio of ions that escaped geminate recombination 2P(oo) to the total initial concentration of excitations generated by pulse Nq ... 

For both samples a small decrease of the effective diffusion coefficient for short A is found. This could indicate some diffusion restriction. However, the samples consisted of small pieces of material pressed together in the NMR tube. Unfortunately, at the moment the possibility that the initial decrease of Deff is caused by a motion (approximately 1 pm would be sufficient ) of some of the particles caused by the pulsed field gradients cannot be excluded. For short diffusion times such a motion has a large effect, for longer A such motions can be neglected. 

Photoderacemization is the simplest case of direct asymmetric photoreactions induced by cpl. The enantiomers are interconverted, and the mixture becomes optically active. Reaction scheme 2 is a modification of Scheme 1 ground state racemization is excluded. The enantiomerization step R S was observed directly by Metcalf et al. [9] by means of the time-resolved circularly polarized luminescence of europium-tris(bipicolinate). By means of a cpl laser pulse, a difference in the excited state population is created, and the decay of circular... 

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