Pulse-line accelerator

Notes a Peak current except for Pulse-Line accelerators... 

Modulators A pulsed voltage somce that includes an energy storage element (such as a capacitor bank) and a switching system to discharge the energy through some load. See Pulse line accelerators. 

Pulse line accelerators These draw an interrse current from a diode by means of a transmission line from a high-voltage capacitor bank. The capacitor bank and transmission line form a distributed capacitance network. The diode acts as a load through which the energy is discharged. See Modulators. 

The limitations that storage rings, rf linacs, and mi-crotrons impose on free-electron laser design stems from restrictions on the peak (or instantaneous) currents that may be obtained and that limit the peak power from a free-electron laser. High peak powers may be obtained by using induction linacs, pulse line accelerators, or modulators that produce electron beams with currents rang-... 

In (a), a pulse of ions is formed but, for illustration purposes, all with the same m/z value. In (b), the ions have been accelerated but, because they were not all formed in the same space, they are separated in time and velocity, with some ions having more kinetic energy than others. In (c), the ions approach the ion mirror or reflectron, which they then penetrate to different depths, depending on their kinetic energies (d). The ones with greater kinetic energy penetrate furthest. In (e), the ions leave the reflectron and travel on to the detector (f), which they all reach at the same time. The path taken by the ions is indicated by the dotted line in (f). 

The various probe beams can be coupled into the same singlewavelength, dual-channel pulse-probe transient optical absorption set-up. A one-meter-long optical delay line is used to control the variable time delay between the electron and the probe pulses. Approximately half of the probe beam is deflected onto a reference photodiode while the other half of the beam is slightly focused into the sample, which is placed in front of the output window of the accelerator. Subsequently, the probe beam is then transported to the sample photodiode. (Alternatively, in some laboratories the probe and reference beams are transported into the detection room by long, low-OH silica optical fibers in order to reduce electronic noise pickup on the detector signal cables.)... 

SFM also enables us to measure specific interaction forces between a small silicon tip and the surface. The pull-off forces between the tip and the surface estimated from Force vs Distance Curves (FDC) can be correlated to the adhesive interactions between tip and surface [9]. Recording of FDCs line-by-line allows us to image surface topography and adhesive surface properties simultaneously [10]. This technique has some disadvantages, like the requirement for a large amount of data acquisition and analysis, which have been alleviated by the invention of the Pulsed Force Mode (PFM). The PFM simplifies and accelerates the measurements of adhesive properties with high lateral resolution [11, 12]. 

A continuous-wave green laser beam (argon ion laser, all lines) with a maximum power of up to 28 W is focused to the beam width of only 4 fim. As shown in Fig. 1, the vertically aligned laser beam runs orthogonal to the molecular beam. All molecules that pass the laser beam at or very close to the focus are heated to an internal temperature above 3000 K and ionize. The positive fullerene ions are then accelerated towards an electrode at 10 kV where they induce the emission of electrons. The electrons in turn are again multiplied and the charge pulses are subsequently counted. The overall molecule detection... 

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