Pulp and paper effluents

Destruction of chromophoric and nonchromophoric pollutants in pulp and paper effluents may be achieved by advanced oxidation methods such as photocatalysis, photo-oxidation using hydrogen peroxide (H202)/UV or ozone (Osj/UV systems, Fenton-type reactions, wet oxidation, and by employing strong oxidants such as ozone. 

Maartens A, Jacobs EP, and Swart P. UF of pulp and paper effluent Membrane fonUng-prevention and cleaning. J. Membr. Sci. 2002 209 81-92. 

Afonso MD and DePinho MN. Nanofiltration of bleaching pulp and paper effluents in tubular polymeric membranes. Sep. Sci. Techn. 1997 32(16) 2641-2658. 

Wong SL, Nakamoto L, and Wainwright JF (1995) Detection and toxicity of titanium from pulp and paper effluents. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47 115-123. 

Owens JW. The hazard assessment of pulp and paper effluents in the aquatic environment A review. Environ Toxicol Chem 1991 10 1511-40. 

Biobrom. Pead Sea Bromine] 2,2 Dibromo-3-nitriloprqpionami(te biocide for industrial water systems, pulp and paper effluents, oil-recovery systems, metal-cutting coolants, air conditioning systems. 

Pulp and paper Effluent disposal and water reuse... 

Color. The standard method for color determination, chloroplatinate standard (55), in pulp and paper effluents (pH 7.6,465 nm) was employed. 

Closed-Mill Concept. The closed-mill concept, or water circuit closure, has been studied by the pulp and paper industry for many years. In some parts of the paper manufacturing process, up to 98% of the water is recycled within the process, eg, the wet end of the paper machine. However, in the pulp mill, especiaUy kraft mills, effluents are produced owing to the need to purge from the system various metals that come in with the wood, as weU as organic by-products from the pulping process, additives, and especially chloride ions that originate in the bleach plant. 

In the pulp and paper industry, anionic and cationic acrylamide polymers are used as chemical additives or processing aids. The positive effect is achieved due to a fuller retention of the filler (basically kaoline) in the paper pulp, so that the structure of the paper sheet surface layer improves. Copolymers of acrylamide with vi-nylamine not only attach better qualities to the surface layer of.paper, they also add to the tensile properties of paper in the wet state. Paper reinforcement with anionic polymers is due to the formation of complexes between the polymer additive and ions of Cr and Cu incorporated in the paper pulp. The direct effect of acrylamide polymers on strength increases and improved surface properties of paper sheets is accompanied by a fuller extraction of metallic ions (iron and cobalt, in addition to those mentioned above), which improves effluent water quality. 

Recommended Practice Cathodic Protection of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Clarifiers, RP-01-80, NACE, Houston (1980)... 

Manttari M, Nystron M (2007) Membrane filtration for tertiary treatment of biologically treated effluents from the pulp and paper industry. Water Sci Technol 55(6) 99-107... 

Yunker, M.B. and Cretney, W.J. (1996). Dioxins and furans in crab hepatopancreas uses of principle component analysis to classify congener patterns and determine linkages to contamination sources. In M. Servos, K.R. Munkittrick J H. Carey, and G.J. van der Kraak (Eds.) Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents. Delray Beach, FL St. Lucie Press, pp. 315-325. 

Saski EK, A Vahatalo, K Salonen, MS Salkinoja-Salonen (1996b) Mesocosm simulation on sediment formation indnced by biologically treated bleached kraft pulp mill wastewater in freshwater recipients. In Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents (Eds MR Servos, KR Munlittrick, JH Carey, and GJ van der Kraak), pp. 261-270. St Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL. 

The pulp and paper industry is the largest industrial process water user in the U.S.5 In 2000, a typical pulp and paper mill used between 15,140 and 45,420 L (4000 to 12,000 gal) of water per ton of pulp produced. 1 2 3 4 General water pollution concerns for pulp and paper mills are effluent solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and color. Toxicity concerns historically occurred from the potential presence of chlorinated organic compounds such as dioxins, furans, and others (collectively referred to as adsorbable organic halides, or AOX) in wastewaters after the chlorination/ extraction sequence. With the substitution of chlorine dioxide for chlorine, discharges of the chlorinated compounds have decreased dramatically. 

Liquid effluent requirements for direct discharge to surface waters from pulp and paper manufacturing should achieve the following maximum levels37 ... 

Efficiencies for removal in the wastewater treatment plant were estimated for total and soluble BOD, total COD, soluble COD, color, total suspended and dissolved solids, and total solids. The removal efficiencies summarized in Table 21.14 are high for total BOD, soluble BOD, and suspended solids, at 96%, 96%, and 95%, respectively. The removal efficiencies for total and soluble COD were significantly lower at 76% and 66%, respectively. The removal efficiency for color was only about 38%. This value is typical for biological treatment of pulp and paper wastewater, and may be due, at least partially, to the formation of new colored groups when the bleach effluents are oxidized in the treatment system. 

Tezel, U., Guven, E., Erguder, T.H., and Demirer, G.N., Sequential (anaerobic/aerobic) biological treatment of Dalaman SEKA pulp and paper industry effluent, Waste Manage., 21, 717-724, 2001. 

Reddy, P., Pillay, V.L., Kunamneni, A., and Singh, S., Degradation of pulp and paper-mill effluent by thermophilic micro-organisms using batch systems, Water SA, 31, 2005. Available at http //www.wrc. org.za. 

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