Psychostimulant drugs effects

Nicotine, like other psychostimulant drugs (Hill 1970), also produces unconditioned effects that increase the ability of nondrug environmental stimuli to serve as reinforcers, independently of any direct temporal association between nicotine ad-... 

Type B effects vary depending on the drug used, e.g. heparin and thrombocytopenia, ticlopidine and thrombocytopenia. Clopidrogel shows excellent acceptability. According to the results of phase I and phase II trials, the neurocytoprotectors currently under development have a very variable safety profile. Anti-NMDA agents can induce psychostimulation, psychotomimetic effects and increase blood pressure. For cardiac effects, QTc lengthening is still a problem with eliprodil and lubeluzole. 

Grace, T. (2000) Cellular and molecular neurochemistry of psychostimulant effects on dopamine. In Solanto, M. and Castellanos, X., eds. The Neuropharmacology of Psychostimulant Drugs Implications for ADHD, 1st ed. New York Oxford University... 

Table 3.8 Effects of psychostimulant drugs in healthy subjects...

The second parameter (number of responses per session) provides an estimate of the effects of the test substance on operant performance. If the test substance exerts marked sedative effects, the number of responses would normally be decreased. Response rate could even be increased if the test substance possessed psychostimulant effects. Interpretation of drug effects on operant performance is, however, not simple, because other factors can contribute to effects of the test substance on response rate. In the present procedure, where the effect of the reinforcement schedule (FRIO) is to produce a high rate of baseline responding, test substances with either sedative or psychostimulant effects will generally decrease the rate of responding. 

Summing up, blockade of DA transmission impairs acquisition of place preference conditioned by appetitive as well as aversive drugs. In the case of psychostimulants this effect might be the result of a combination of an action on DA-dependent reward and on Pavlovian incentive learning. In the case of aversive drugs, which do not increase, or even decrease, DA transmission, an action on Pavlovian incentive learning is more likely. 

Psychostimulant drugs are used to treat ADHD, where paradoxically they have a calming effect and improve concentration and attentiveness in about 70% of cases. Treatment should be under the guidance of a specialist in ADHD. 

Side effects of psychostimulant drugs include insomnia, restlessness, irritability, nervousness, dizziness, tremor and sometimes psychosis. 

Psychostimulant drugs increase the amounts of available norepinephrine and/or dopamine in the CNS. The effects of MAOIs may synergize with the effects of these drugs. Thus, psychostimulant drugs should be used cautiously in conjunction with MAOIs. 

Lanthanide tris-diketonates have been used extensively for the analysis of enantiomeric purity of pharmaceuticals. In one example, the utility of lanthanide chelates of tfc, hfc, and Eu(dcm)3 at causing enantiomeric discrimination in the H NMR spectra of psychostimulant drug amphetamine 86 was compared. Spectra were recorded in chloroform-considerably more effective than the other chelates at causing enantiomeric discrimination in the NMR spectrum. In forensic science, analyses of enantiomeric purity are often useful in helping to identify the source of the material. ... 

The patty drug MDMA (3,4-methylene-dioxymetham-phetamine) as well as amphetamine causes efflux of all monoamine neurotransmitters. The effects of MDMA are described as psychostimulant and hallucinogenic and are judged differently from those of amphetamine. This difference is due to the stronger inhibition of SERT by MDMA as compared with amphetamine, which is a more potent dopamine releaser and moreaddictivethan MDMA. 

Psychostimulants are drugs that substantially influence cognitive and affective functioning and behaviors. Effects are increased motivational desire, agitation, heightened vigilance, euphoria, hyperactivity, and... 

We are routinely screening compounds for ability to displace 1-125 DOI from frontal cortex homogenates. As far as the CNS stimulant effects, differentiating from psychostimulants, the present model we are using is substitution in amphetamine-trained rats, in drug discrimination. We have used synaptosomes and looked at their effect on dopamine release and reuptake. But basically they are correlative models. 

Loeomotor aetivity has historically been used as an index of psychostimulant effects. Simple assessment of amount of loeomotor activity can provide the basis for anatomical as well as pharmaeologieal analysis of the neural substrates that mediate the behavioral expression of stimulant action. More sophisticated behavioral measurement systems ean reeord multiple measures of activity and describe spatial and temporal patterning of loeomo-tion. In such systems, qualitative aspects of behavioral activation can be evaluated by examining the entire activity profile. A comparison of the effects of novel drugs with those produced by well-characterized substanees may lead to a better understanding of their mechanisms of action and subjective properties. 

Psychological aspects of caffeine dependency, to the extent that they occur, may be due to the reinforcing effects of the drug.235-297 In fact, doses as low as 25 mg have been shown to have reinforcing properties.284 Although caffeine may not be as reinforcing as other psychostimulants,163 animal studies have shown that it does have the properties of a positive reinforcer.298... 

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