Psychological therapies behavioral therapy

Hall SM, Reus VI, Munoz RF, et al Nortriptyline and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of cigarette smoking. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 683-690, 1998 Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, et al Psychological intervention and antidepressant treatment in smoking cessation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59 930-936, 2002 Hayford KE, Patten CA, Rummans TA, et al Efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation in smokers with a former history of major depression or alcoholism. Br J Psychiatry 174 173-178, 1999... 

Determine appropriate pharmacologic and psychological treatments (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy), including what has been helpful to the patient in the past. 

Butler, Andrew C., Jason E. Chapman, Evan M. Forman and Aaron T. Beck, The Empirical Status of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy A Review of Meta-Analyses , Clinical Psychology Review 26 (2006) 17-31... 

Psychotherapy and Behavior Therapy , Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 44, no. 3 (1976) 330-39... 

Abikoff, H. (1985) Efficacy of cognitive training intervention in hyperactive children a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev 5 479-512. Abikoff, H. (1987) An evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy for hyperactive children. In Lahey, B. and Kazdin, A., Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, Vol. 10. New York Plenum Press, pp. 171-216. 

This syndrome often develops in patients in their twenties, and some, with the more severe form, rarely leave home for periods of many years, or until they are effectively treated by medication, cognitive behavior therapy, or other behavior/psychological therapies. Family studies of panic disorder (PD) find an increased occurrence of attacks in first-degree relatives (2). 

Clum, George A. 1989. "Psychological Interventions Versus Drugs in the Treatment of Panic." Behavior Therapy 20 429-57. 

PSYCHOTHERAPY The non-drug treatment of psychological disorders. It can be in the form of behavioral therapy (where the person is gradually exposed to their fears) or cognitive therapy (where people learn to control their unrealistic or negative thinking. 

Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Dang, S. T, Sackville, T., Basten, C. (1998). Treatment of acute stress disorder A comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(5), 862-866. 

This synthetic disaccharide, l, P-galactosido-fructose, b been in use abroad for a number of years as an effective cathartic. More recently it has found potential in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy where it may have considerable advantage over other types of available therapy. 23,124 ijiie mechanism of action in these cases has been described as an "acid dialysis". Since lactulose is not metabolized by human disaccharidases and little is absorbed, 5 it passes to the colon where it is hydrolyzed by bacteria to lactic, acetic, and formic acids. The resultant decrease in the pH of the colonic contents has two effects the pH gradient stimulates passage of ammonia from the plasma to the intestinal lumen, and absorbable ammonia in the lumen is converted to nonabsorbable ammonium ions which are excreted.With the decreased ammonia content of the blood, patients have improved psychologically and behaviorally. 

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