Protoplasmic cell contents

The above outline of the evolution of the plant kingdom during coal-forming eras has been presented largely in the language of botanical anatomy. However, the alert chemist will note that the anatomical differences imply considerable quantitative and spatial differences in the distribution of the principal plant constituents [cellulose, lignin, cutin, suberin and other waxes, contents of protoplasmic cells, pigments, resins, sporopollenin. 

In addition to dioxygen, many other chemical oxidants are used for water and waste treatment purposes. Not surprisingly, they also tend to be powerful microorganism deactivators (and thus good disinfectants) because they may induce abnormal redox processes in cells that kill or deactivate them (or else prevent their reproduction) by the following possible mechanisms attack or alteration of the cell wall, of the cell contents (nucleic acids, protoplasm), or of the cell functions and processes (protein synthesis, redox processes, enzymatic activity). 

Mucilage is formed in plants in several ways, viz. either as a product of the protoplasm, as a disorganization product of some of the carbohydrates, as a secondary thickening or addition to the cell wall, or as a metamorphosis of it. In the first two cases the mucilage is called cell-content mucilage, in the last two, membrane mucilage. 

Ten pages have been added to Chapter V on Cytology. Under Protoplasm and its Properties, six pages have been written on the subject of Irritability and Irritable Reactions. Under Non-Pro toplasmic Cell Contents several additional commercial starches are discussed and two original plates on starch grains added. Additional cuts on Collenchyma, Stone Cells, Sclerenchyma Fibers, Trichomes and Fibrovascular Bundles have been inserted in Chapter VI. 

The important features of nematode nutrition, according to Nielsen, may be summarized as follows (1) the food of nematodes seems, invariably, to be protoplasm , be it obtained as cell contents, plant sap, the contents of fungal hyphae, algae, bacteria, actinomycetes. Protozoa, or animals (2) the dead organic matter and plant remains of... 

If a section cut through a small sulfur-burned area of a lemon injured on the tree is examined microscopically, coagulation of protoplasm and cell collapse are apparent. Also, the injured tissue stains abnormally dark with safranin indicating the protoplasm has become more acidic than in normal tissue (18). Sides of the peel of lemons burned by sulfur on the tree were found to be higher in total sulfate than were uninjured sides of the same peel. The high total sulfate content of the peel was subsequently found to be due in part to soluble sulfate, as shown by analyses of the expressed cell solution (18). 

It is difficult to explain why toxic hydrocarbons can be made selective to carrots by the addition of a nontoxic oil but not by the addition of water. Green (7) found some correlation between the toxicity of oils and their ability to emulsify. It is commonly found that high aromatic oils are easier to emulsify than are oils with low aromatic content. It is possible that some action between the aromatic hydrocarbons and the emulsifying agent results in increased toxicity. There is some evidence that the permeability of the protoplasmic membrane is the key to carrot resistance. If this is true, the presence of the emul er or the physical properties of the emulsion might increase the cell penetration of the hydrocarbons. Work is being continued along these lines and on the fundamental reasons for differential plant resistance to oils. 

Reproduction is the power possessed by an organism of giving rise to new individuals. This may take place through the agency of either asexual or sexual cells and is accordingly asexual or sexual in character. Whenever a union of cells or their protoplasmic contents takes place the process is called sexual reproduction if, however, there is a mere separation of a cell or cells from an individual which later form a new organism, the process is termed asexual or vegetative reproduction. ... 

Cork cambium (phellogen), a layer of delicate cells with protoplasmic contents in the process of division. 

When a small portion of the mycelium is mounted in lo per cent, alcohol and observed under the high-power objective, it will be noted that each hypha has a transparent wall and" protoplasmic contents and is divided by transverse septa into a number of cells. Each cell contains protoplasm, which is differentiated into cytoplasm (cell... 

When the cell becomes mature the protoplasm dies and the sap disappears, leaving an almost empty structure. The cotton fibre is now dead and the contents of the cell are no longer visible under the microscope, but the dried-up protein and the salts which are deposited as the sap evaporates still remain in the central cavity. These are amongst the impurities which have to be removed when the cotton is scoured and bleached. 

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