Prothrombin 1406 INDEX

Vitamin K can be used to diagnose liver function accurately. Intramuscular injection of 2 mg of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinonc elicits a response in prothrombin index in patients with jaundice of extrahepatic origin but not in those with jaundice of intrahepatic origin (e.g.. cirrhosis). 

Meptazinoi 200 mg four times daily for 7 days had no significant effect on the prothrombin indexes of 6 elderly patients stabilised on warfarin, nor on the required warfarin dose. No warfarin dose adjustments would be expected to be needed on concurrent use. 

Prothrombin index and blood clotting time were studied in all patients before... 

The international normalized ratio (INR) is a method to standardize repotting of the prothrombin time, using the formula, INR = (PTpatie t/PTcontroi)ISI, where PT indicates the prothrombin times (for the patient and the laboratory control), and ISI indicates the international sensitivity index, a value that varies, depending upon the thromboplastin reagent and laboratory instrument used to initiate and detect clot formation, respectively. 

International Normalized Ratio (INR) The ratio of the patient s clotting time to the clinical laboratory s mean reference value normalized by raising it to the International Sensitivity Index (ISI) power to account for differences in thromboplastin reagents. Therefore, INR = (patient s prothrombin time/laboratory s mean normal prothrombin time)ISI. 

I7(x-Methyl-17 -hydroxy-estra-4,9,l l-trien-3-one (Methyltrienolone, N-99). In the course of a steroid total synthesis [293] this compound (Methyltrienolone, N-99) was prepared it was reported [55] to possess 6000% of the androgenic (ventral prostate index), 7500% of the androgenic (seminal vesicles index), and 12,000% of the anabolic (levator ani index) activity of methyltestosterone. Later the anabolic activity was reported [74] to be 30,000% of that of methyltestosterone. As measured by multiple parameters methyltrienolone turned out to be the most hepatotoxic steroid, causing biochemical symptoms of intrahepatic cholestasis [75]. It was also reported [74] to reduce the excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and to cause enhancement of the blood coagulation factors V, VII, and X. It also increases the prothrombin content of the plasma [74]. 

Diagnostic importance is also attributed to des-y-car-boxy prothrombin (60-80% positivity in HCC) (H.A. Liebman et af, 1984). (90, 120, 133, 154) It is synthesized in the normal hepatocytes and therefore also in HCC. The diagnostic accuracy in small hepatocellular carcinomas (< 3 cm) could be greatly improved by determining this precursor prothrombin (PIVKAII) in combination with AFP. A decrease in the factor-II index, i.e. (factor VII + factor X) - (factor II) = >15, has proved to be a specific and independent marker of HCC. In addition, isoferritins, Regan-AP, telomerase activity (99) and L-fucosidase as well as CEA variants may be helpful in the demarcation of HCC. Laboratory diagnosis of HCC is indeed much more reliable if various important parameters are added, (s. tab. 37.6)... 

Ts ao C, Swedlund J, Neofotistos D. Implications of use of low international sensitivity index thromboplastins in prothrombin time testing. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994 118 1183-7. 

In 1983 we were able to validate two exact formulae, based on the Lorenz-Lorentz equations, allowing the calculation of the mass of the adsorbed layer from the refractive index and thickness. This experimental validation was performed by measuring stacked multilayers of known mass of phosphatidylserine and by the adsorption of radiolabeled albumin and prothrombin on these multilayers (9 ). 

Figure 3. Adsorption and desorption of prothrombin on a DOPS doublelayer. The adsorbed mass is calculated from the changes in the refractive index and thickness, which in their turn are calculated from the changes in polarizer and analyzer readings (see text) ...

Marin et al. (M7) reported that patients with atrial fibrillation had lower levels of plasma MMP-1 but increased levels of TIMP-1 and prothrombin fragments FI 2 (an index of thrombogenesis) and higher ratios of TIMP-1 to MMP-1 as compared to control subjects. The authors proposed that MMP TIMP measurements in blood might be useful as markers of comorbidity that is associated with increased risk of stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. 

Documented effects In experiments on animals, the total saponins isolated from the roots and the preparation Zongorozid caused a significant decrease in arterial pressure, increased resistance to hypoxia, and had sedative effects. In experiments with dogs, the preparation Zongorozid increased the sodium in erythrocytes and reduced potassium in blood plasma as well as in erythrocytes. A one time dose of the preparation has blood coagulating effects but multiple applications, over 5-7 days, have better effects. The effects include an increase in tolerance to heparin, reduction of prothrombin time and fibrinolytic activity, increase in fibrinogen content (up to 45 %), and an iuCTease of the adhesion index with an increase in blood coagulation potential (Alimbaeva et al. 1986). 

The main way of determining vitamin K status, and monitoring the efficacy of anticoagulant therapy, is by measuring the time required for the formation of a fibrin clot in citrated blood plasma after the addition of calcium ions and thromboplastin — the prothrombin time. A more sensitive index is provided by direct measurement of preprothrombin in plasma, most commonly by immunoassay using antisera against preprothrombin that do not react with prothrombin. 

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