Proteins metabolism and

M. Dungelhoef, M. Rodehutscord, H. Spiekers and E. Pfeffer, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1994,49, 1. M. I. Ferraz de Oliveira and T. Acamovic, in Proceedings of VII Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, Evora, Portugal 1995, 1996 in press. 

The glucocorticoids influence or regulate functions such as the immune response system, the regulation of glucose, fat and protein metabolism, and control of the anti-inflammatory response. Table 50-1 describes the activity of the glucocorticoids within the body. 

Blockers have been used widely to ameliorate thyrotoxic symptoms such as palpitations, anxiety, tremor, and heat intolerance. They have no effect on peripheral thyrotoxicosis and protein metabolism and do not reduce TSAb or prevent thyroid storm. Propranolol and nadolol partially block the conversion of T4 to T3, but this contribution to the overall therapeutic effect is small. 

Human exposure to low levels of phenol is widespread because it is contained in many consumer products including mouthwashes, gargles, tooth drops, throat lozenges, and ointments (Douglas 1972 EPA 1980). Phenol is a normal product of protein metabolism, and it is also a metabolite of benzene. In persons not exposed to phenol or benzene, the total phenol concentration in the urine generally does not exceed 20 mg/L and is usually <10 mg/L (ACGIH 1991). 

Glucocorticoids are endogenous compounds that have an effect on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, and which exhibit anti-inflammatory, desensitizing, and anti-aUergy action. They are immunodepressants, and they also possess anti-shock and anti-toxic action. 

Hipkiss, A. R. (2008b). Error-protein metabolism and ageing. Biogerontology (in press). 

Pyridoxine (vitamin Be) is essential for protein metabolism and plays an important role in hemoglobin production. Pyridoxamine and pyri-doxal also possess vitamin Be activity. Sources of... 

Like folate and vitamin C, vitamin B6 (pyroxidine) is water soluble and like folate has several vitamers. Vitamin B6 may be involved in more bodily functions than any other nutrient (Tambasco-Studart et al., 2005), is a cofactor for many enzymes, especially those involved in protein metabolism, and is also a cofactor for folate metabolism. Vitamin B6 has anticancer activity (Theodoratou et al., 2008), is a strong antioxidant (Denslow et al., 2005), is involved in hemoglobin biosynthesis, lipid and glucose metabolism and immune and nervous system function. Possible consequences of deficiency include anemia, impaired immune function, depression, confusion, and dermatitis (Spinneker et al., 2007). Vitamin B6 deficiency is generally not a problem in the developed world, but there could be as yet poorly defined consequences of suboptimal intake particularly for the elderly. 

Frequently it is the product of the cloned gene, rather than the gene itself, that is of primary interest—particularly when the protein has commercial, therapeutic, or research value. With an increased understanding of the fundamentals of DNA, RNA, and protein metabolism and their regulation in E. coli, investigators can now manipulate cells to express cloned genes in order to study their protein products. 

Longer lasting control of mineral metabolism is achieved by steroid hormones elaborated by the adrenal cortex and by synthetic analogues. Besides their actions on gluconeogenesis, glycogen deposition, protein metabolism and sexual characteristics, the corticosteriods influence calcium metabolism and the control of water and electrolyte equilibria, so that profound changes accompany their administration. 

Shashoua, V.E. Brain protein metabolism and the acquisition of new patterns of behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1977, 74, 1743-1747. 

Copper is an essential element. Copper plays a significant role in several physiological processes - photosynthesis, respiration, carbohydrate distribution, nitrogen reduction and fixation, protein metabolism, and cell wall metabolism. Many plant metalloenzymes contain copper. It also influences water permeability of xylem vessels and thus controls water relationships. It is mainly complexed with organic compounds of low molecular weight and with proteins (Henze and Umland, 1987). Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1984) have compiled data on the Cu concentrations in... 

Table 2.2 Changes in protein metabolism and degradation seen in liver disease...

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