Glycogen deposition

The promotion by insulin of glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells (adipocytes), of glycogen deposition in liver and muscle, and its stimulation of growth soon emerged as the purified hormone became available for study. Although insulin was crystallized by Abel in 1926, its primary structure established by Sanger in 1953 (see Chapter 10),... 

Glycogen deposits in the liver (glucose 6-P stimulates glycogen synthesis, and glycogenolysis is inhibited)... 

Longer lasting control of mineral metabolism is achieved by steroid hormones elaborated by the adrenal cortex and by synthetic analogues. Besides their actions on gluconeogenesis, glycogen deposition, protein metabolism and sexual characteristics, the corticosteriods influence calcium metabolism and the control of water and electrolyte equilibria, so that profound changes accompany their administration. 

Biological studies on 16a-hydroxy-hydrocortisone [15] have demonstrated that this type of corticoid derivative still maintains a considerable activity in the usual types of assays (glycogen deposition, thymus involution and anti-inflammatory tests). It was therefore of interest to prepare the 16a-hydroxy derivatives of the more potent 9a-halo steroids. 

Functional Group Glycogen Deposition AntMnflammatory Activity Effects on Uriiury Sodium ... 

The suggestion that the biguanides potentiate the action of insulin by increasing the uptake of insulin by inuscle seems questionable. If this were the case, one would expect the effects of the biguanides on metabolism to parallel those of insulin, but in fact, they are usually the opposite. Insulin promotes glycogen deposition, lipogenesxs, and protein synthesis, all of which the biguanides oppose. 

III Amylo-1,6-glucosidase (deb rancher) Liver, skeletal muscle, heart Fasting hypoglycemia hepatomegaly in infancy in some, myopathic features. Glycogen deposits have short outer branches. 

All of these diseases but type O are characterized by increased glycogen deposits. 

Insulin Liver Increased glucokinase increased glucose uptake Increased glycogen synthase activity glycogen deposition Inhibited gluconeogenesis Increased malic enzyme, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase and stearoylCoA desaturase increased lipogenesis Release of VLDL from hepatocytes... 

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