Proteins - continued vitamins

Osborne and Mendel continued their extensive studies of the nutritive values of proteins while extending the list of foods known to contain vitamines. (4jU 42) They attempted to isolate the growth promoter in butter with no success but they made significant progress in their quest for a totally synthetic diet by developing an excellent salt mixture for the basal dietaries of their rats. (43)... 

In foods vitamin B2 occurs free or combined both as FAD and FMN and complexed with proteins. Riboflavin is widely distributed in foodstnffs, but there are very few rich sources. Only yeast and liver contain more than 2mg/100g. Other good sources are milk, the white of eggs, fish roe, kidney, and leafy vegetables. Since riboflavin is continuously excreted in the urine, deficiency is qnite common when dietary intake is insufficient. The symptoms of deficiency are cracked and red lips, inflammation of the lining of the month and tongue, mouth ulcers, cracks at the comer of the mouth, and sore throat. Overdose of oral intake present low toxicity, probably explained by the limited capacity of the intestinal absorption mechanism [417]. 

The most clearly documented role lor selenium is as a necessary component of glutathione peroxidase. Selenium is also involved in the functions of additional enzymes, e.g.. type I iodoihvronine deiodinase. leukocyte acid phosphatase, and glucuronidases. A role for selenium in electron transfer has been suggested as has involvement in nonheme iron proteins. Selenium and vitamin b appear to be necessary lor proper functioning of lysosomal membranes. A role for selenium in metabolism of thyroid hormone has been continued. 

During the course of the symposium, several dietary factors that can influence xenobiotic metabolism were discussed in detail. Here we will attempt t summarize in the broadest terms how various classic nutrient groups might exert an influence on xenobiotic metabolism. For convenience, the dietary groups have been broken into carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins and trace elements. It is difficult to take any one group individually, and it must be kept in mind that the interactions are continuous and extremely complicated. 

Coconut Flour. Coconut flour is produced from the shredded kernel, dried in a continuous countercurrent drier, and subsequently extracted with solvent to remove the residual oil. The white meal produced contains 25% protein and 65% carbohydrate, as well as various minerals and vitamins (62). This coconut product... 

Vitamin D deficiency in adults cannot affect the epiphyseal plate, as it has disappeaced, but it can prevent normal mineralization of the osteoid layer in bone that turns over. In vitamin D deficiency the osteoclasts continue to create tunnels and pits in the bone. The osteoblasts continue to synthesize the protein matrix however, complete mineralization of the osteoid may not occur. The result is osteomalacia - This disease may present as bone pain about the hips. Osteomalacia can be diagnosed using a bone biopsy, A sample is taken from the iliac crest — the hip bone. An abnormally wide osteoid is indicative of the disease. X-rays can also be used to diagnose osteomalacia, which is characterized by arrays or zones of tiny fractures in sucli bones as the pelvis and femur. 

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