Protein synthesis in vivo

Reactions (T) through are necessary for the formation of each peptide bond. The 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group (shaded blue) prevents unwanted reactions at the o-amino group of the residue (shaded red). Chemical synthesis proceeds from the carboxyl terminus to the amino terminus, the reverse of the direction of protein synthesis in vivo (Chapter 27). 

Barker EA, Smuckler EA, Benditt EP. 1963. Effects of thioacetamide and yellow phosphorus poisoning on protein synthesis in vivo. Lab Invest 12 955-960. 

Beaucage P, Moreau P. 2004. EGF receptor transactivation in angiotensin II and endothelin control of vascular protein synthesis in vivo. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 44 Suppl I S20-S23. 

A. L. Svitil, M. Cashel and J. W. Zyskind (1993). Guanosine tetraphosphate inhibits protein synthesis in vivo. A possible protective mechanism for starvation stress in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 2307-2311. 

Nucleocidin (379) which contains the first fluorosugar to be obtained from a natural source is a more potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in vivo than puromycin but has similar activity in vitro (66JBC(24)l09l). 

Harmon CS, Park JH (1987) Stimulation of epidermal protein synthesis in vivo by topical triamcinolone acetonide. Biochem J 247 525-530... 

Pomposelli JJ, Palombo JD, Hamawy KJ, Bistrian BR, Blackburn GL, Moldawer LL (1985) Comparison of different techniques for estimating rates of protein synthesis in vivo in healthy and bacteraemic rats. Biochem J 226 37-42... 

Preedy VR, Smith DM, Kearney NF, Gugden PH (1985) Regional variation and differential sensitivity of rat heart protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro Biochem J 225 487-492... 

Preedy VR, Paska L, Sugden PH, Schofield PS, Sugden MC (1988) The effects of surgical stress and short-term fasting on protein synthesis in vivo in diverse tissues of the mature rat. Biochem J 250 179-188... 

CHATTERJEE, N.K., KOCH, G. and WEISSBACH, H. Initiation of protein synthesis in vivo in poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (l975)> 154 43I-437. 

A good deal of in vivo and in vitro evidence indicates that ribosomes constitute the principal if not the exclusive site of protein synthesis. In vivo experiments demonstrate that labeled amino acids are incorporated first into the microsomal fraction, which of course contains most of the cell s ribosomes. Newly synthesized proteins, such as RNase, j8-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, and serum albumin, appear in the microsomal fraction before they appear in other cell fractions [200-206]. 

Unfortunately, the very property of the above tissue most necessary for our auxin studies (its integrity) was itself an impediment to measurement of processes such as protein synthesis in vivo, since labelled amino acids were not taken up through the cut apex. In order to facilitate uptake into the tissue, therefore, apical segments from aged epicotyls were excised and placed with their bases in solution. 

Chavez E, Zazueta C, Osornio A, Holguin JA, Miranda ME (1991) Protective behavior of captopril on HgC )-induced toxicity on kidney mitochondria. In vivo and in vitro experiments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 256 385-390 Cheung MK, Verity MA (1985) Experimental methylmercury neurotoxicity locus of mercurial inhibition of brain protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro. J Neurochem 44 1799-1808... 

The first question which comes to mind is which of the two nucleic acids in the cell, RNA or DNA, is most directly concerned with protein synthesis in vivo. A few highlights which bear on this point are the following ... 

In summary, therefore, we can say that the direct approach of studying the relationship between RNA and protein synthesis in vivo has given us no understanding of the nature of this relationship, other than the realization... 

Other noteworthy studies on the mechanism of protein synthesis in vivo concern the definitive demonstration of the specific incorporation of amino acid analogs into well-defined proteins—as opposed to their incorporation into total, unspecific protein material. Vaughan and Steinberg (7) purified... 

The most extensive, and in many ways the most interesting and significant work on protein synthesis in vivo, however, is not concerned with the mechanism of assembling a protein molecule, but with the factors controlling, quantitatively as well as qualitatively, the synthesis of specific enzymes within the cell. This aspect of protein synthesis is outside the scope of the present discussion, but for recent ideas and references the reader is referred to Szilard (S). 

Garlick, P.J. and Grant, I., Amino acid infusion increases the sensitivity of muscle protein synthesis in vivo to insulin. Effect of branched-chain amino acids, Biochem J, 254, 579, 1988. 

Koopman, R, Wagenmakers, A.J., Manders, R.J. etal.. Combined ingestion of protein and free leucine with carbohydrate increases postexercise muscle protein synthesis in vivo in male subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 288, E645, 2005. 

Streptomycin acts by binding to a site of the 308 ribosomal subparticle. In sensitive bacteria, this fixation inhibits protein synthesis in vivo and is lethal. In resistant bacteria, either there is no fixation, or the fixation does not strongly affect the translation. In dependent microorganisms, the inclusion of strqitomycin into the specific site of the 30 8 particle is required for correct work of the translating machinery. 

Wengler and Wengler (1972) have shown that increased osmo-larity of the growth medium inhibits the initiation of protein synthesis in vivo. Nuss et at. (1975) have also selectively blocked initiation of host protein synthesis in RNA virus-infected cells. Saborio et al. (1974) found that cellular protein synthesis is reversibly inhibited when cells are exposed to hypertonic medium. However, it has been reported that initiation of virus-specific protein synthesis is more resistant to a hypertonic initiation block (Carrasco and Smith, 1976). Carrasco (1977) also showed that treatment of encephalomyocarditis virus-infected HeLa cells with hypertonic medium stimulated the synthesis of virus-specific proteins and proposed that insertion of viral proteins into the cell membrane altered the ionic conditions within the cell to favor viral protein synthesis. The Carrasco hypothesis has been shown to apply to many cytolytic infections by animal viruses, although there are a few exceptions (Fenwick and Walker, 1978 Gray et al., 1983). 

Perez, J.E. and P.J. Reeds, 1998. A new stable isotope method enables the simultaneous measurement of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in vivo in mice. J. Nutr. 128, 1562-1569. 

Garlick, P. J., Millward, D, J., and James, W. P, T., 1973, The diurnal response of muscle and liver protein synthesis in vivo in meal-fed rats, Biochem. J. 136 935,... 

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