Synthesis, in vivo

Adams SR, Campbell RE, Gross LA et al (2002) New Biarsenical ligands and tetracysteine motifs for protein labeling in vitro and in vivo synthesis and biological applications. J Am Chem Soc 124 6063-6076... 

Sodek J and Mandell SM (1982) Collagen metabolism in rat incisor predentin in vivo synthesis and maturation of type I, cxi(I) trimer, and type V collagens. Biochemistry 21, 2011-2015. 

The cDNAs of the cA-prenyltransferase of H. brasiliensis was successfully identified and expressed in E. coli. The in vitro polymerization of IPP after initiation with FPP using the expressed c/x-prenyltransferase resulted in low degrees of polymerization [267, 268]. After addition of rubber particles to this polymerization, the molecular weight increased tremendously [269], It can be concluded that the rubber particles are essential for rubber biosynthesis. Katarina Cornish established a detailed structural model of the in vivo synthesis of natural rubber in the rubber particle monolayer membrane and partially explained this behavior (see Fig. 12) [251],... 

There is yet no definite proof of the in vivo synthesis of these pyridino-indolo-alkaloids however, several arguments militate in favor of this hypothesis, (a) Some experiments have been performed with extraction procedures involving alkalies other than ammonia. No major qualitative or quantitative difference in the alkaloid distribution has been observed (31,32). It is therefore unlikely that pyridine-containing alkaloids are artifacts. 

All the naturally occurring COX products rapidly undergo metabolism by E-oxidation, -oxidation, and oxidation of the key 15-hydroxyl group to the corresponding ketone. These inactive metabolites can be determined in blood and urine by immunoassay or mass spectrometry as a measure of the in vivo synthesis of their parent compounds. 

Fig. (4). Diagram of reactions for in vivo synthesis and secretion of antibodies scheme for cleavage of leader, chain assembly, intracellular transport, and secretion [18].

Brown RM, Crane AM, Goldman PS (1979) Regional distribution of monoamines in the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures of the rhesus monkey concentrations and in vivo synthesis rates. Brain Res 765 133-150. 

Figure 2. Dose-response effects by Blaberus hypertrehalosemic hormone on in vivo synthesis of trehalose (upper) and cytoheme ab (Iowct) in decapitated, adult male B. discoidalis.

Miyamoto T, Kakizawa T, and Hashizume K (1999) Inhibition of nuclear receptor signalling by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Molecular and Cell Biology 19,2644-9. Miyoshi K, Egi Y, Shioda T, and Kawasaki T (1990) Evidence for in vivo synthesis of thiamin triphosphate by cytosolic adenylate kinase in chicken skeletal muscle./oMrnal... 

Antoine T, Priem B, Heyraud A, Greffe L, Gilbert M, Wakarchuk WW, Lam JS, Samain, E. Large-scale in vivo synthesis of the carbohydrate moieties of gangliosides GMl and GM2 by metaboli-cally engineered Escherichia coli. ChemBioChem. 2003 4 406 12. 

Beagles KE, Morrison PF, Heyes MP. Quinolinic acid in vivo synthesis rates, extracellular concentrations, and intercompartmental distributions in normal and immune activated brain as determined by multiple isotope microdialysis. J Neurochem 1998 70 281-91. 

A key problem is the in vivo synthesis of chemicals such as proteins and nucleic acids with rigidly specific structures. Spiegelman (1928) gives a clear review. The template theory, which he favors, has ample opportunity for H bond participation. Enzyme action is also conceived as a template reaction (1584). In this case, somewhat less matching is needed, in comparison with the synthesis of genetic material. The enzyme and substrate need fit over only a fairly small percentage of their surface (50). Hydrogen bonds may help achieve this match and thus influence the specificity of the reaction. 

In germinating seeds (such as those of clover, fenugreek, and lucerne129), the cells of the aleurone layer have been shown to be responsible for the in vivo synthesis, and secretion into the endosperm storage-tissue, of the extracellular D-mannanases and related enzymes that are responsible for the metabolism of the reserve galac-tomannan. 

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