Protein industrial application

Since most synthetic applications require enzymes catalyzing nonnatural substrates, their properties often have to be improved. One way to achieve this is to optimize reaction conditions such as pH, temperature, solvents, additives, etc. [6-9]. Another way is to modulate the substrates without compromising the synthetic efficiency of the overall reaction [10]. In most cases for commercial manufacturing, however, the protein sequences have to be altered to enhance reactivity, stereoselectivity and stability. It was estimated that over 30 commercial enzymes worldwide have been engineered for industrial applications [11]. Precise prediction of which amino acids to mutate is difficult to achieve. Since the mid 1990s, directed evolution... 

De Miguel Bouzas, T., Barros-Velazquez, J. and Villa, T.G. (2006) Industrial applications of hyperthermophilic enzymes a review. Protein Peptide Letters, 13(7), 645-651. 

Another potential site of reactivity for anhydrides in protein molecules is modification of any attached carbohydrate chains. In addition to amino group modification in the polypeptide chain, glycoproteins may be modified at their polysaccharide hydroxyl groups to form ester derivatives. Esterification of carbohydrates by acetic anhydride, especially cellulose, is a major industrial application for this compound. In aqueous solutions, however, esterification may be a minor product, since the oxygen of water is about as strong a nucleophile as the hydroxyls of sugar residues. 

The vast majority of purification procedures employ at least one ion-exchange step it represents the single most popular chromatographic technique in the context of protein purification. Its popularity is based upon the high level of resolution achievable, its straightforward scale-up (for industrial application), together with its ease of use and ease of column regeneration. In addition,... 

Natural products with industrial applications can be produced by the metabolism of living organisms (plants, animals or microorganisms). The most economically natural compounds produced by microorganisms, other than enzymes and recombinant proteins, are the low molecular weight primary and secondary metabolites. ... 

The potential differences, /, at different phase boundaries, as mentioned before, have been found to have many industrial applications. The application of electrophoresis to the separation and purification of proteins has also been discussed. Both electrophoresis and electroosmosis have attained a certain amount of industrial application. 

The industrial application of CLPs and VLPs is in the development phase. This can be expected since the baculovirus-insect cells system has become one of the most popular systems for heterologous protein and CLP/VLP production at laboratory scale. After defining the appropriate particle composition for the viruses of interest, research is now addressing the engineering issues in this system (Scheme 1). 

Urea is a colorless, odorless crystalline substance discovered by Hilaire Marin Rouelle (1718—1779) in 1773, who obtained urea by boiling urine. Urea is an important biochemical compound and also has numerous industrial applications. It is the primary nitrogen product of protein (nitrogen) metabolism in humans and other mammals. The breakdown of amino acids results in ammonia, NH3, which is extremely toxic to mammals. To remove ammonia from the body, ammonia is converted to urea in the liver in a process called the urea cycle. The urea in the blood moves to the kidney where it is concentrated and excreted with urine. 

Aehle, W., Sobek, H., Amory, A., Vetter, R., Wilke, D. Schomburg,D. (1993). Rational protein engineering and industrial application structure prediction by homology and rational design of protein-variants with improved washing performance the alkaline protease from Bacillus alcalophilus. Journal of Biotechnology, 28, 31-40. 

Preliminary studies [1,2] suggest that the use of supercritical CO2 allows size- and shape-control of polymeric particles, in particular in the production of protein-loaded microparticles [3], However, to realise an industrial application of such a production, a reasonable economic income has to be expected. 

Adler-Nissen, J. 1982. Limited enzymatic degradation of proteins A new approach in the industrial application of hydrolases. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechtwl. 32 138-156. 

The protein fraction is filtered and dried to become high (60%) protein content com gluten meal. The starch slurry can be dewatered and dried to produce regular com starch. Dry starch can be sold as is or heat treated in the presence of acid catalysts to produce dextrins. Or, it is chemically modified before dewatering and drying to produce modified starches used in food and industrial applications. Lastly, it can be hydrolyzed to produce com sweeteners. 

Already the ancient Egyptians knew that one can keep soot particles dispersed in water when they were incubated with gum arabicum, an exudate from the stems of acaia trees, or egg white. In this way ink was made. The reason for the stabilizing effect is the steric repulsive force cause by adsorbed polymers. In the first case these are a mixture of polysaccharide and plycoprotein, in the second case it is mainly the protein albumin. Steric stabilisation of dispersions is very important in many industrial applications. Direct quantitative measurements were... 

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