Propyl oxidation

Diglycerol Diglycerin Diglyceryl Ether Diglyceryl Alcohol Bis dihydroxy propyl oxide or 3,3 -Oxy-di( 1,2-propanediol) (CA nomenclature) [called Diglycerin Glycerin-1-(2.3-dihydroxy-propylather) or Bis-(2.3-dihydroxy-propyl)-ather in Ger],... 

Normal butyl alcohol, propyl carbinol, n-butanol, 1-buianol, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH. B.p. 117 C. Manufactured by reduction of crotonaldehyde (2-buienal) with H2 and a metallic catalyst. Forms esters with acids and is oxidized first to butanal and then to butanoic acid. U.S. production 1978 300 000 tonnes. 

The oxidation with excess of dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid is not always satisfactory for alcohols higher than n propyl because of the attendant production of appreciable amounts of esters indeed by using a fairly high concentration of sulphuric add, good yields of esters are obtained since esterification takes place at once, even in the cold, as long as an excess of alcohol is present, for example ... 

Good results are obtained by the oxidation of the commercially available cyclo-propyl methyl ketone with sodium hypobromite solution, and the preparation may be regarded as an excellent example of the oxidation of the —COCH, group to — OOH ... 

Esters of the homologous acids are prepared by adding silver oxide in portions rather than in one lot to a hot solution or suspension of the diazo ketone in an anhydrous alcohol (methyl, ethyl or n-propyl alcohol) methanol is generally used and the silver oxide is reduced to metallic silver, which usually deposits as a mirror on the sides of the flask. The production of the ester may frequently be carried out in a homogeneous medium by treating a solution of the diazo ketone in the alcohol with a solution of silver benzoate in triethylamlne. 

BHA and BHT, which are both fat soluble, are effective ia protecting animal fat from oxidation, and are often added duting the rendering process. Propyl gallate is also effective, but it has limited fat solubiUty, and turns bluish black ia the presence of iron. It is typically used as a synergist ia combination with BHA or BHT. TBHQ is most effective against oxidation ia polyunsaturated vegetable oils (qv), and is often used ia soybean oil (19). 

Sevoflurane. Sevoflurane, l,l,l,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propyl fluromethyl ether [28523-86-6] is nonpungent, suggesting use in induction of anesthesia. The blood/gas partition coefficient is less than other marketed products (Table 1) yet similar to nitrous oxide, suggesting fast onset and recovery. In animal studies, recovery was faster for sevoflurane than for isoflurane, enflurane, or halothane (76). Sevoflurane is stable to light, oxygen, and metals (28). However, the agent does degrade in soda lime (77). 

Other by-products include acetone, carbonaceous material, and polymers of propylene. Minor contaminants arise from impurities in the feed. Ethylene and butylenes can form traces of ethyl alcohol and 2-butanol. Small amounts of / -propyl alcohol carried through into the refined isopropyl alcohol can originate from cyclopropane [75-19-4] in the propylene feed. Acetone, an oxidation product, also forms from thermal decomposition of the intermediate sulfate esters, eg. 

Propjiene [115-07-17, CH2CH=CH2, is perhaps the oldest petrochemical feedstock and is one of the principal light olefins (1) (see Feedstocks). It is used widely as an alkylation (qv) or polymer—ga soline feedstock for octane improvement (see Gasoline and other motor fuels). In addition, large quantities of propylene are used ia plastics as polypropylene, and ia chemicals, eg, acrylonitrile (qv), propylene oxide (qv), 2-propanol, and cumene (qv) (see Olefin POLYMERS,polypropylene Propyl ALCOHOLS). Propylene is produced primarily as a by-product of petroleum (qv) refining and of ethylene (qv) production by steam pyrolysis. 

Worldwide propylene production and capacity utilization for 1992 are given in Table 6 (74). The world capacity to produce propylene reached 41.5 X 10 t in 1992 the demand for propylene amounted to 32.3 x 10 t. About 80% of propylene produced worldwide was derived from steam crackers the balance came from refinery operations and propylene dehydrogenation. The manufacture of polypropylene, a thermoplastic resin, accounted for about 45% of the total demand. Demand for other uses included manufacture of acrylonitrile (qv), oxochemicals, propylene oxide (qv), cumene (qv), isopropyl alcohol (see Propyl alcohols), and polygas chemicals. Each of these markets accounted for about 5—15% of the propylene demand in 1992 (Table 7). 

Esterification is one of the most important reactions of fatty acids (25). Several types of esters are produced including those resulting from reaction with monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, ethylene or propylene oxide, and acetjiene or vinyl acetate. The principal monohydric alcohols used are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and isobutyl alcohols (26) (see Esterification Esters, organic). 

Alkyl radicals produced by oxidative decarboxylation of carboxylic acids are nucleophilic and attack protonated azoles at the most electron-deficient sites. Thus imidazole and 1-alkylimidazoles are alkylated exclusively at the 2-position (80AHC(27)241). Similarly, thiazoles are attacked in acidic media by methyl and propyl radicals to give 2-substituted derivatives in moderate yields, with smaller amounts of 5-substitution. These reactions have been reviewed (74AHC(i6)123) the mechanism involves an intermediate cr-complex. 

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