Properties of Portland clinker and cement

Knbfel, D., "Modifpng Some Properties of Portland Cement Clinker and Portland Cement by Means of TiOj," Zement-Kalk-Gips, Vol. 30, No. 4, 1977, pp. 191-196. 

Knofel, D. Sfrunge, J. and Bambauer, H.U., "Effect of Manganese on Properties of Portland Cement Clinker and Portland Cement," Zement-Kalk-Gips, Nol. 36, No. 7,1983, pp. 402 08. 

Limited amounts of limestone, interground with Portland clinker and calcium sulfate, may beneficially affect some properties of the resultant cement. This effect is achieved mainly by physical action, as calcite (CaCOg)— Ihe main or sole constituent of limestone—participates only marginally in the hydration process. 

On a laboratory or pilot scale, Portland clinker has been produced in a fluidized bed by irradiation of the raw meal with accelerated electrons (Yegorov et al, 1982 Abramson et al, 1992 Handoo et al, 1992) by microwave processing (Yi et al, 1996 Fang et al, 1997) in a sol-gel process (Chatteqee et al, 1990 Varadarajan et al, 1992) and by a variety of other approaches. In all instances the chosen process influenced the stmcture of the clinker and the properties of the resultant cement. 

Knofel, D. (1978) Modifying some properties of Portland cement clinker and Portland cement by means of ZnO and ZnS (in German). TIZ Fachberichte 107, 324-327. 

Odler, L, and Abdul-Maula, S. (1980a) Structure and properties of Portland cement clinker doped with Cap2. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 63,654-659. 

See also Iron entries hydration, 5 477-478 in Portland cement, 5 467 in Portland cement clinker, 5 473t classification of, 11 55-58 crystal chemistry of, 11 59-71 defined, 11 55 energy losses in, 11 64-66 physical properties of, 11 59-71 processing of, 11 71-75 properties of spinel and M-type,... 

Akatsu, K. Monna, I. and Maeda, K., "Some Properties of the Portland Cement Clinker and Their Relationship Obtained Through Microscope Investigations," Reviews, Cement Association of Japan, May 1965, pp. 28-32. 

An extension of the concept of blended cements is cements/blends that consist solely of mineral additions without the presence of Portland cement or Portland clinker. The hydraulic properties of such systems tend to be poor, and heat curing may be required in some of them to attain measurable strengths in a reasonable time. 

The Portland clinker used should contain a high amount of tricaldum silicate, preferably more than 45%. This is necessary as the hydration of this phase produces the calcium hydroxide needed for a pozzolanic reaction of the ash. The hydration of the clinker minerals is mainly responsible for the setting and initial strength development of the cement, as the reaction rate of the fly ash is rather slow. The lydration of the ash contributes to strength only at longer hydration times, but also affects other properties of the hardened material. The calcium sulfate added in the form of gypsum or anhydrite serves to control the setting of the fresh paste in a similar way as in plain Portland cement. 

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