Properties of cement

Miscellaneous Applications. PEIs and their derivatives ate used as cementation auxihaties in cmde oil exploration (459), and for breaking cmde oil emulsions (460) in cmde oil extraction. Seed coatings of water-soluble copolymers containing polyethyleneimine have been developed (461). Polyethyleneimine derivatives have positive photoresist properties (462) amidated polyethyleneimines improve the flow properties of cement (463) and with few exceptions, A/-acyla2iddines act as chemical sterilisers for insects (464). 

Construction Soil stabilization water absorber water retention aids in cements, grouts, and tiles improvement of mechanical properties of cement and gypsum plasters and water based paints... 

Cementing Principles 1179. Properties of Cement Slurry 1183. Cement Additives 1193. 

Table 5.7. Properties of cements formed from glasses corresponding to the generic formula xSiO Alf). CaO...

Norman, R. D., Swartz, M. L., Phillips, R. W. Sears, R. (1970). Properties of cements mixed from liquids with altered water content. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 24, 410-17. 

Ware, A. L. (1971). Properties of cements for orthodontic bonding. Australian Orthodontics Journal, 2, 254-61. 

Table 8.2. Properties of cements based on phytic acid Prosser et al, 1983)...

Civjan, S. Brauer, G. M. (1964). Physical properties of cements based on zinc oxide, hydrogenated resin, o-ethoxybenzoic acid and eugenol. Journal of Dental Research, 43, 281-99. 

The most common mechanical property of cements that has been measured routinely is compressive strength (Polakowski Kipling, 1966). Measurement is easy to carry out but there are several reasons to consider that the results from the technique are unsatisfactory. Interpretation of results is uncertain because of the complexities in the mode of failure. Minor imperfections in the material lead to localized stress concentrations which affect the magnitude of the result. 

A cement slurry additive consisting of methylcellulose, melamine-formaldehyde resin, and trioxane has been proposed for better bonding of cement to the casing string [20]. Bisphenol-A epoxide resins, with amine-based curing agents, sand filler, and a mixture of n-butanol and dimethyl benzene as a diluent, have been proposed as additives to increase adhesion properties of cement [572]. 

K. M. Cowan and L. Eoff. Surfactants Additives to improve the performance properties of cement. In Proceedings Volume, pages 317-327. SPE Oilfield Chem Int Symp (New Orleans, LA, 3/2-3Z5), 1993. 

Kim, J.K., Zhou, L.M. and Mai, Y.W, (1993a), Interfacial debonding and pull-out stresses part 111, Interfacial properties of cement matrix composites. J. Mater. Sci. 28, 3923-3930. 

The essential step is the efficient grinding and blending of raw materials. The final properties of cement strongly depend on its mineral composition so that raw composition and firing conditions are adjusted, depending on the type of cement to be produced. The microstructure of the steel fiber-cement paste interface was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The interfacial zone surrounding the fiber was found to be substantially different from the bulk paste further away from the fiber surface. The interfacial zone consisted of... 

FlUPPONI, P., POLETT1NI, A., POMI, R. SlRINI, P. 2003. Physical and mechanical properties of cement-based products containing incineration bottom ash. Waste Management, 23, 145-156. 

Targan, S., Olgun, A., Erdogan, Y. Sevinc, V. 2002. Effects of supplementary cementing materials on the properties of cement and concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 32, 1551-1558. 

TABLE 2. Cement Composites and Their Effect on Physical Properties of Cements"... 

Table 2.2 Typical properties of cemented carbide tool materials... 

One of the special properties of cemented carbides is their high compressive strength. Like hardness, compressive strength decreases with increasing cobalt content. At high temperatures, cemented carbides show a small but finite amount of ductility. 

Supercritical C02 (sc C02) is being used to accelerate the natural aging reactions (i.e., carbonation) of Portland cement. This treatment method alters the bulk properties of cement, producing profound changes in both structure and chemical composition. As a result of these changes, the mechanical and transport properties of these cements are also dramatically affected, and they display reduced porosity, permeability and pH, as well as increased density and compressive strength. 

Neubauer, C.M. (1997) On the Chemistry, Micro structure, and Deformation Properties of Cement Pastes Towards a New Strategy for Controlling Drying Shrinkage. PhD. Thesis, Northwestern University. 

It is also known that small quantities of some compound could significantly reduce strengths and deteriorate the properties of cement solidified waste. That could be in the form of setting reduction, which could lead to the material disintegration and leaching. Examples of some waste components, which could give opposite effect to the cement stabilization, are given in Table 2. 

Portland cement and Portland cement with 30% fly ash were used as matrix. Chemical composition, physico-chemical and mechanical properties of cements were determined. The samples lx 1x6 cm were prepared by mixing cement with wastewater containing 10,000 mg F1 Pb2+, 30,000 mg F1 Pb2+, and 50,000 mg F1 Cd2+. The next samples were prepared ... 

Finally some important properties of cement concrete, polymer concrete, and sulfur concrete are compared with each other. For the polymer concrete the data of a commercial polyester concrete were used. 

Table VIII. Comparison of the Important Properties of Cement, Polymer, and Sulfur Concretes...

SttUmenko L.M., Krivoborodov Ju.R. Influence of mechanical activation of raw on clinkerformation processes and properties of cement. Zhum.Prikladnoi Khittrii 2000 73 714-18. 

The irreversible dehydration process indicates that the underlying dielectric continuum approach used in the anisotropic primitive model does not hold. Further numerical simulations are presently imdertaken at the atomic scale in the frame of the polarized ion model (so-called shell model ) in order to give a better description of Tobennorite dehydration/rehydration and cohesive property of cement [24]. 

In polymer-modified cement systems, there occurs air entrapment resulting from the generation of foam while mixing. Air has an adverse effect on the mechanical strength properties of cement mortars as expressed by Feret s relationship ... 

Water having harmful ingredients, contamination, silt, oil, sugar or other chemicals is destructive to the strength and setting properties of cement paste and might adversely effect the workability of a mix. 

Y.Kasai, Y.Fukushima and K.Tominaga, Production and properties of cemented crushed wood-chip board made of used timber Transaction of the Japan Concrete Institute Vol. 4, 1982, pp. 17-24... 

---