Prolonged duration of action

The answer is e. (Hardman, p 1395J Thyroid hormone is used for HRT in hypothyroidism T4 is the hormone of choice because of its consistent potency and prolonged duration of action. 

Ideally, a peptidomimetic agent should have one or more of the following properties (1) high specificity/ selectivity for a single receptor, (2) metabolic stability, (3) prolonged duration of action, (4) high receptor affinity and thus potency, (5) minimal adverse effects, and (6) good bioavailability. 

Benzodiazepines have similar pharmacological properties and are used in anxiety and insomnia. The choice of which benzodiazepine to use usually lies with the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, which vary across the class. For example, diazepam, flurazepam and nitrazepam have a prolonged duration of action whereas lorazepam and temazepam have a shorter duration of action. 

A. Penicillin G structure and origin mode of action of penicillins methods for prolonging duration of action... 

Hygienic and surgical hand disinfection The former is required after a suspected contamination, the latter before surgical procedures. Alcohols, mixtures of alcohols and phenols, cationic surfactants, or acids are available for this purpose. Admixture of other agents prolongs duration of action and reduces flammability. 

Quinestrol Synthetic oestrogen, with prolonged duration of action Oestrogen deficiency... 

Lidocaine hydrochloride Xylocaine) is the most commonly used local anesthetic. It is well tolerated, and in addition to its use in infiltration and regional nerve blocks, it is commonly used for spinal and topical anesthesia and as an antiarrhythmic agent (see Chapter 16). Lidocaine has a more rapidly occurring, more intense, and more prolonged duration of action than does procaine. 

Mechanism of Action Competitive inhibitors of the muscarinic actions of acetylcholine, acting at receptors located in exocrine glands, smooth and cardiac muscle, and intramural neurons. Composed of 3 main constituents atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine. Scopolamine exerts greater effects on the CNS, eye, and secretory glands than the constituents atropine and hyoscyamine. Atropine exerts more activity on the heart, intestine, and bronchial muscle and exhibits a more prolonged duration of action compared to scopolamine. Hyoscyamine exerts similar actions to atropine but has more potent central and peripheral nervous system effects. TherapeuticEffect Peripheral anticholinergic and antispasmodic action, mild sedation. Pharmacokinetics None known... 

The drug may have a prolonged duration of action and cumulative effect inpatients with hepatic or renal impairment. 

Prolonged duration of action and cumulative effect may occur in patients with impaired liver or renal function. 

It blocks inactivated sodium channels. It also decreases calcium current and transient outward, delayed rectifier and inward rectifier potassium currents. It is a potent inhibitor of abnormal automaticity. It prolongs duration of action potential, refracto-... 

Fluoxetine (4) is marketed as a racemate. Both enantiomers display similar activity both in vitro (Ki of the (R)-(+)-enantiomer is 21 nM and the Ki of the (5)-(-)-enantiomer is 33 nM) and in vivo. However, it is (S)-fluoxetine that is the predominant therapeutic enantiomer since it is eliminated more slowly that the (R)-enantiomer. However, recent debate has argued that the prolonged duration of action of the (S)-enantiomer contributes to the major side-effects of the drug. ... 

Bupivacaine, which is more potent than lidocaine, has a prolonged duration of action. 

Insulin preparations that are commercially available differ in their relative onset of action, maximal activity, and duration of action. Conjugation of the insulin molecule with either zinc or protamine, or both, will convert the normally rapidly absorbed parenterally administered insulin to a preparation with a more prolonged duration of action. The various formulations of insulin are usually classified as short acting (0.5 to 14 h), intermediate acting (1 to 28 h), and long acting (4 to 36 h). The duration of action can vary, however, depending on injection volume, injection site, and blood flow at the site of administration. 

Transdermal 80 to si00 Usually very slow absorption used for lack of first-pass effect prolonged duration of action... 

Lente insulin is a mixture of 30% semilente (an amorphous precipitate of insulin with zinc ions in acetate buffer that has a relatively rapid onset of action) with 70% ultralente insulin (a poorly soluble crystal of zinc insulin that has a delayed onset and prolonged duration of action). These two components provide a combination of relatively rapid absorption with sustained long action, making lente insulin a useful therapeutic agent. As with regular insulin, the time of onset, time to peak, and duration of action are dose-dependent. 

Aspirin is a direct-acting antiplatelet drug, (Its prolonged duration of action after therapy is discontinued will be discussed below under clinical use of the combination of anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs,) A summary of its pharmacology is in Table I. 

To explore the utility of this approach, plasma samples obtained after injection of TACA into the posterior segment of the eye in pigs were analyzed [8], The objective of this therapeutic strategy was to achieve a local, sustained, pharmacologically active concentration in the eye, with minimal systemic concentrations. In this application, the low water solubility of TACA contributes to its prolonged duration of action at the injection site a previous human study showed that intraocular TACA maintained concentrations >100 ng/mL in the eye for at least 700 h after a single 4-mg intravitreal TACA treatment [9], However, TACA concentrations in plasma... 

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