Prolong development history

Although acids and bases have been recognized since antiquity, our concepts of them are still the subject of debate and development (Walden, 1929 Hall, 1940 Bell, 1947, 1973 Luder, 1948 KolthofF, 1944 Bjerrum, 1951 Day Selbin, 1969 Jensen, 1978 Finston Rychtman, 1982). The history of these concepts is a long one and can be seen as a prolonged and continuous refinement of inexact and commonsense notions into precise scientific theories. It has been a long and difficult journey and one that is by no means ended. 

Initial clinical work focused on a product that would be used to convert patients who were hospitalized for recent-onset AF as an alternative to a cardioversion procedure. Cardiome partnered with Fujisawa (now Astellas Pharmaceuticals) for the clinical development of a vernakalant (1), which produces robust AF conversion rates and none of the ventricular conduction abnormalities associated with less selective agents.35 By the close of 2009, vernakalant had been in 5 large trials and several smaller trials, including a total of over 1200 AF patients. Four Phase III studies—Atrial Arrhythmia Conversion Trials (ACT 1, 2, 3, and 4) —examined patients with recent onset AF (< 45 days) and the measured the rate of conversion to NSR in various periods after drug administration.36 38 The conversion rate was 45-63% in these studies, which tended to exclude patients with more compromised heart function or a history of heart failure. While there has been no specific study looking at QT prolongation, monitoring in both patients and in healthy volunteers showed only modest increases in the QT interval with no directly associated incidents of TDP across all trials. 

Because of its use in the treatment of female infertility, which inevitably involves early exposure of some embryos, the safety of bromocriptine in early pregnancy has been systematically evaluated in a large multicenter study with prolonged follow-up (SEDA-13, 112). There was no evidence that this use of bromocriptine was associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion, multiple pregnancy, or the occurrence of congenital malformations nor did exposure in utero seem to have any adverse effects on postnatal development. Cervical incompetence may be a problem at the time of delivery, but this may well be due to a long history of infertility rather than to the drug itself. 

A 36-year-old dermatologist with a history of jewellery intolerance developed dermatitis on the right side of the chin, with red pruritic papules. The dermatitis had worsened after prolonged use of her mobile phone. Patch tests were positive to nickel sulfate. She solved the problem by covering the phone with a plastic case. 

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis in the United States. This disease affects men and women equally, but symptoms occur earlier and are more severe in women. Risk factors associated with the development of OA include age greater than 50 years, obesity (weight-bearing joints), injury to joints, joint overuse due to prolonged occupational or sports stress, and family history. 

Humans have used chemical technology since the beginning of recorded history. The first evidences of the use of chemistry as a practical and purposeful art are found in the use of clay which was fashioned into useful articles and hardened by fire. The development and improvement of the potter, from the standpoint of both artistic skill and use, led the chemical technologist to develop processes involving prolonged heating, fusion, evaporation, and often the treatment of minerals (B3). 

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