Projectile shape

K.A. Newhall and D.J. Durian. Projectile-shape dependence of impact craters in loose granular media. Physical Review E, 68 060301, December 2003. 

Panzeriausi. Ger WWii antitank projectile weapon utilizing a shaped charge expl and a tungsten carbide cere. It was lighter than an earlier version (Panzerschreck), and could be handled by one person. Its trajectory was flatter than the Panzerschreck, with a range of 150 meters Refs 1) L.E, Simon, German Research in World War II , J. Wiley, NY (1948), 187-8 2) Stettbacher (1948), 134... 

A recent alternative to shaped charges is known as the squashhead projectile. As the name implies, this contains a plastic explosive which spreads on impact so as to make contact with the largest possible area of the tank before detonating. When the explosive detonates, reflection of the shock wave causes a scab of metal to be displaced from the inside surface of the armour plate (see p. 135). The effect inside the tank can therefore be greater than is the case with a shaped charge which may do little more than penetrate the armour. The amount of scabbing is approximately proportional to the area of contact of the explosive at the moment of detonation. 

For more complex projectiles and targets, additional features become apparent in the spectra of ejected electrons. Doubly differential cross sections for ionization of CH4 by 0.3 MeV/u ions (3.6 MeV total projectile energy), taken from some of the author s unpublished work, are shown in Fig. 17 to illustrate the increasing complexity of dressed-ion collisions compared to that for bare ions represented in Fig. 9 by proton impact. In Fig. 17, the cross sections are seen to have their maximum at very low energy ejected electrons as was the case for proton impact, and, although their shape is not as sharp and... 

Mortar Projectile Test (7) Bomb Drop Test (7) Fragmentation Test (7-8) Fragment Velocity Test (8) Blast Effect (8) Shaped Charge Effectiveness (8) Hydrolysis by 240 Hour Test (9) Sensitivity to Initiation by Electrostatic Discharge (9 10)... 

Studies were made of the detonation with hemispherical, ellipsoidal, and conical liners and a theory was developed which appeared to give a plausible explanation of the optimum shapes of liners. It was discovered during these studies, that highspeed rotation decreased very markedly the cavity effect, and that consequently, spin-stabilized projectiles were ill-adapted to cavity charges. Towards the end of 1943, the spreading of the jet, due to rotation, was confirmed photographically by the Kerr-cell camera... 

According to tests conducted in Russia (Ref 26), 76 to 122 mm shells with shaped charges penetrated an armor approximately equal to the caliber of the gun, while ammunition of close action , such as hand grenades, antitank projectiles etc, could... 

Anon, "Military Explosives , TM 9-1910 (1955), 77-85 (Munroe effect) 43) PATR 2145(1955), p Rus 15 (Russian shaped charge projectiles of WWH) 44) L.S. Holloway, Flash Radiographs Showing the Collapse Process of Copper Shaped Charge Liners , BRL Rept No 941 (1955) 45) A.M. 

An artillery projectile may be either solid or hollow. Hollow projectiles may be filled with explosive or inert material, depending on the type. Artillery projectiles, although differing in characteristic details, are of the same general shape in that they have a cylindrical body and generally an ogival or conical head (or windshield). 

High-Explosive-Antitank (HEAT).. This is a special HE type, the effect of which derives from its shaped charge. The metal cone which shapes the charge, standoff (provided by projectile design), fuze action, and rotation affect depth of penetration. In high-velocity HEAT rounds, greater penetration is achieved with fin-stabilization and spin-compensation... 

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