Copper shape

Anon, "Military Explosives , TM 9-1910 (1955), 77-85 (Munroe effect) 43) PATR 2145(1955), p Rus 15 (Russian shaped charge projectiles of WWH) 44) L.S. Holloway, Flash Radiographs Showing the Collapse Process of Copper Shaped Charge Liners , BRL Rept No 941 (1955) 45) A.M. 

Note The apex angle of the copper shaped charge liner a. 90°, the width 100 mm, and the burst height 18 mm... 

Nelson et al. [34] determined from void shapes that the ratio 7100/7110 was 1.2, 0.98 and 1.14 for copper at 600°C, aluminum at 550°C, and molybdenum at 2000°C, respectively, and 1.03 for 7100/7111 for aluminum at 450°C. Metal tips in field emission studies (see Section VIII-2C) tend to take on an equilibrium faceting into shapes agreeing fairly well with calculations [133]. 

Sundquist [35], studying small crystals of metals, noted a great tendency for rather rounded shapes and concluded that for such metals as silver, gold, copper, and iron there was not more than about 15% variation in surface tension between different crystal... 

The reaction vessel is situated inside a metal of high themial conductivity having a cylindrical, spherical, or other shape which serves as the calorimetric medium. Silver is the most suitable material because of its high themial conductivity, but copper is most frequently used. 

Economic Aspects. Lithium metal is available commercially in ingots, special shapes, shot, and dispersions. Ingots are sold in 0.11-, 0.23-, 0.45-, and 0.91-kg sizes. Special shapes include foil, wire, and rod. Lithium is available in hermetically sealed copper cartridges and in sealed copper tubes for use in treating molten copper and copper-base alloys. Shot is sold in 1.19—4.76 mm (16—4 mesh) sizes. Lithium dispersions (30% in mineral oil) of 10—50-p.m particle size are used primarily in organic chemical reactions. Dispersions in other solvents and of other size fractions can be suppHed. 

Impure copper is cast in the shape of anodes - 0.9 by 1.0 m and 3.5—4.5-cm thick, weighing 300—400 kg. These anodes are cast with lugs that... 

The characteristics of a powder that determine its apparent density are rather complex, but some general statements with respect to powder variables and their effect on the density of the loose powder can be made. (/) The smaller the particles, the greater the specific surface area of the powder. This increases the friction between the particles and lowers the apparent density but enhances the rate of sintering. (2) Powders having very irregular-shaped particles are usually characterized by a lower apparent density than more regular or spherical ones. This is shown in Table 4 for three different types of copper powders having identical particle size distribution but different particle shape. These data illustrate the decisive influence of particle shape on apparent density. (J) In any mixture of coarse and fine powder particles, an optimum mixture results in maximum apparent density. This optimum mixture is reached when the fine particles fill the voids between the coarse particles. 

Fig. 5. Metal powder particle shapes (a) atomized copper (b) sponge iron and (c) atomized iron.

No. 1 copper wire and heavy 99+ Cu Copper scrap 420 melted and fire refined, cast in shapes for... 

It is evident from Table 5 that if there were two particles of the same shape and mass, one alurninum, the other copper, the aluminum would have about twice the reaction in repulsive force than would the copper. Both metals have high conductivity, but the densities are nearly three to one. 

Shape-Memory AHoys" in ECT 3rd ed., Vol. 20, pp. 726—736, by L. McDonald Schetky, International Copper Research Association. 

EinaHy, hydrogen in relatively small amounts can lead to cracking, especially as the strength increases. If the presence of hydrogen caimot be adequately lowered by the ladle treatment, combinations of low carbon and siHcon, inclusion shape control, and more than 0.25% copper can be helpful in minimizingloss of toughness. 

Pewter. Modem pewter may have a composition of 90—95 wt % tin, 1—8 wt % antimony, and 0.5—3 wt % copper. Lead should be avoided by contemporary craftsman because it causes the metal surface to blacken with age. Pewter metal can be compressed, bent, spun, and formed into any shape, as weh as being easily cast. A wide variety of consumer articles ate available from domestic and foreign manufacturers. Reproductions of pewter objects from colonial times, some cast from the original molds, ate popular. The annual U.S. production of pewter exceeds 1100 t. 

Other Uses. The production of finished shapes from iron powder by compacting and sintering utilizes about 100,000 t of iron powder aimuaHy copper powder (2—10 wt %) is normally added as a sintering aid. Addition of 2% tin powder or equal amounts of tin and copper powder considerably lowers the sintering temperature and time of sintering at a cost saving. The tin addition also improves dimensional control. Iron powder plus 10 wt % powdered lead—tin metal is pressed and siatered to make pistons for use ia automotive hydrauHc brake cylinders. 

Yttrium—barium—copper oxide, YBa2Cu202 is a newly developed high T material which has been found to be fully superconductive at temperatures above 90 K, a temperature that can be maintained during practical operation. The foremost challenge is to be able to fabricate these materials into a flexible form to prepare wines, fibers, and bulk shapes. Ultrapure powders of yttrium—barium—copper oxide that are sinterable into single-phase superconducting... 

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